# To unbundle, run this file echo ms sed 's/.//' >ms <<'//GO.SYSIN DD ms' -.RP -....TM 76-1274-16 39199 39199-11 -....ND October 8, 1976 -.nr CW 2.85i -.nr GW .3i -.TL -Typing Documents on the UNIX System: -.br -\!.br -Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff -.AU "MH 2C-572" 6377 -M. E. Lesk -.AI -.MH -.OK -Text Formatting -Phototypesetting -.AB -This document describes a set of easy-to-use macros -for preparing documents on the UNIX system. -Documents may be produced on either the -phototypesetter or a on a computer terminal, -without changing the input. -.PP -The macros provide facilities for paragraphs, sections (optionally -with automatic numbering), page titles, footnotes, -equations, -tables, two-column format, and -cover pages for papers. -.PP -This memo includes, as an appendix, -the text of the ``Guide to Preparing -Documents with \-ms'' -which contains additional examples -of features of \-ms. -.PP -This manual is a revision of, and replaces, -``Typing Documents on UNIX,'' -dated November 22, 1974. -.AE -.CS 6 6 12 1 0 8 -.bd I 3 -.PP -.I -Introduction. -.R -This memorandum describes a package of commands to produce -papers -using the -.bd I -.I -troff -.R -and -.I nroff -formatting programs on the -.SM -UNIX -.NL -system. -As with other -.I roff -derived -programs, -text is prepared interspersed with formatting commands. -However, this package, -which itself is written in -.I troff -commands, -provides higher-level commands -than those provided with the basic -.I troff -program. -The commands available in this package are listed in -Appendix A. -.bd I 3 -.PP -.I -Text. -.R -Type normally, except that instead of indenting for paragraphs, -place a line reading ``.PP'' before each paragraph. -This will produce indenting and extra space. -.LP -Alternatively, the command .LP that was used here will produce -a left-aligned (block) paragraph. -The paragraph spacing can be changed: see below under ``Registers.'' -.PP -.I -Beginning. -.R -For a document with a paper-type cover sheet, the input should start as follows: -.DS L - [optional overall format .RP \- see below] - .TL - Title of document (one or more lines) - .AU - Author(s) (may also be several lines) - .AI - Author's institution(s) - .AB - Abstract; to be placed on the cover sheet of a paper. - Line length is 5/6 of normal; use .ll here to change. - .AE (abstract end) - text ... (begins with .PP, which see) -.DE -To omit some of the standard headings -(e.g. no abstract, or no author's institution) just -omit the corresponding fields and command lines. -The word -.SM -ABSTRACT -.NL -can be suppressed by writing ``.AB no'' for ``.AB''. -Several interspersed .AU and .AI lines can be used for multiple authors. -The headings are not compulsory: beginning -with a .PP command is perfectly OK and will just -start printing an ordinary paragraph. -.I Warning: -You can't just begin a document with a line of text. -Some \-ms command must -precede any text input. When in doubt, use .LP -to get proper initialization, although any of -the commands .PP, .LP, .TL, .SH, .NH is good enough. -Figure 1 shows the legal arrangement of commands at the -start of a document. -.PP -.I -Cover Sheets and First Pages. -.R -The first line -of a document signals the general format of the first page. -In particular, if it is ".RP" a cover sheet with title and -abstract is prepared. -The default format -is useful for scanning drafts. -.PP -In general \-ms is arranged so that only one form -of a document need be stored, containing all -information; the first command gives the format, -and unnecessary items for that format are ignored. -.PP -Warning: don't put extraneous material -between the .TL and .AE commands. Processing -of the titling items is -special, and other data placed in them may not behave -as you expect. -Don't forget that some \-ms command must precede any input text. -.PP -.I -Page headings. -.R -The \-ms macros, by default, will print a page heading containing -a page number (if greater than 1). -A default page footer is provided only in -.I nroff , -where the date is used. -The user can make minor adjustments to the page headings/footings -by redefining the -strings -LH, CH, and RH -which are the left, center and right portions of the page headings, -respectively; and the -strings -LF, CF, and RF, -which are the left, center and right portions of the page footer. -For more complex formats, the user can redefine -the macros PT and BT, which are invoked respectively at the top -and bottom of each page. -The margins (taken from registers HM and FM for the top and bottom -margin respectively) are normally 1 inch; the page header/footer are -in the middle of that space. -The user who redefines these macros should be careful -not to change parameters such as point size or font -without resetting them to default values. -.PP -.2C -.I -Multi-column formats. -.R -If you place the command ``.2C'' in your document, the document will -be printed in double column format beginning -at that point. This feature is not too useful in computer -terminal output, but is often desirable on the typesetter. -The command ``.1C'' will go -back to one-column format and also skip to a new page. -The ``.2C'' command is actually a special case of the command -.DS L - .MC [column width [gutter width]] -.DE -which makes multiple columns with the specified column -and gutter width; as many columns as will fit across the page -are used. -Thus triple, quadruple, ... column pages can be printed. -Whenever the number of columns is changed (except going from -full width to some larger number of columns) -a new page is started. -.PP -.I -Headings. -.R -To produce a special heading, there are two commands. -If you type -.DS L - .NH - type section heading here - may be several lines -.DE -you will get automatically numbered section headings (1, 2, 3, ...), -in boldface. -For example, -.DS L - .NH - Care and Feeding of Department Heads -.DE -produces -.NH -Care and Feeding of Department Heads -.PP -Alternatively, -.DS L - .SH - Care and Feeding of Directors -.DE -will print the heading with no number added: -.SH -Care and Feeding of Directors -.PP -Every section heading, of either type, should be followed -by a paragraph beginning with .PP or .LP, indicating -the end of the heading. -Headings may contain more than one line -of text. -.PP -The .NH command also supports more complex numbering schemes. -If a numerical argument is given, it is taken to be a -``level'' number and an appropriate sub-section -number is generated. -Larger level numbers indicate deeper -sub-sections, as in this example: -.DS L - .NH - Erie-Lackawanna - .NH 2 - Morris and Essex Division - .NH 3 - Gladstone Branch - .NH 3 - Montclair Branch - .NH 2 - Boonton Line -.DE -generates: -.NH -Erie-Lackawanna -.NH 2 -Morris and Essex Division -.NH 3 -Gladstone Branch -.NH 3 -Montclair Branch -.NH 2 -Boonton Line -.PP -An explicit ``.NH 0'' will reset the numbering of level 1 -to one, as here: -.DS L - .NH 0 - Penn Central -.DE -.ft 3 -.if n .ul 1 -.sp 1 -1. Penn Central -.PP -.I -Indented paragraphs. -.R -(Paragraphs with hanging numbers, e.g. references.) -The sequence -.DS L - .IP [1] - Text for first paragraph, typed - normally for as long as you would - like on as many lines as needed. - .IP [2] - Text for second paragraph, ... -.DE -produces -.IP [1] -Text for first paragraph, typed normally for as long -as you would like on as many lines as -needed. -.IP [2] -Text for second paragraph, ... -.LP -A series of indented paragraphs may be followed by an ordinary paragraph -beginning with .PP or .LP, -depending on whether you wish indenting or not. -The command .LP was used here. -.PP -More sophisticated uses of .IP are also possible. -If the label is omitted, for example, a plain block indent -is produced. -.DS L - .IP - This material will - just be turned into a - block indent suitable for quotations or - such matter. - .LP -.DE -will produce -.IP -This material -will just be turned -into a block indent -suitable for -quotations or such matter. -.LP -If a non-standard amount of indenting is required, -it may be specified after the label (in character positions) -and will remain in effect until the next .PP or .LP. -Thus, the general form of the .IP command -contains two additional fields: the label and the indenting -length. For example, -.DS L - .IP first: 9 - Notice the longer label, requiring larger - indenting for these paragraphs. - .IP second: - And so forth. - .LP -.DE -produces this: -.IP first: 9 -Notice the longer label, requiring larger -indenting for these paragraphs. -.IP second: -And so forth. -.LP -It is also possible to produce multiple nested indents; -the command .RS indicates that the next .IP starts from the -current indentation level. -Each .RE will eat up one level of indenting -so you should balance .RS and .RE commands. -The .RS command should be thought of as ``move right'' and -the .RE command as ``move left''. -As an example -.DS L - .IP 1. - Bell Laboratories - .RS - .IP 1.1 - Murray Hill - .IP 1.2 - Holmdel - .IP 1.3 - Whippany - .RS - .IP 1.3.1 - Madison - .RE - .IP 1.4 - Chester - .RE - .LP -.DE -will result in -.IP 1. -Bell Laboratories -.RS -.IP 1.1 -Murray Hill -.IP 1.2 -Holmdel -.IP 1.3 -Whippany -.RS -.IP 1.3.1 -Madison -.RE -.IP 1.4 -Chester -.RE -.LP -All of these variations on .LP leave the right -margin untouched. Sometimes, for purposes -such as setting off a quotation, a paragraph indented -on both right and left is required. -.QP -A single paragraph -like this is obtained -by preceding it with .QP. -More complicated material (several paragraphs) should be -bracketed with .QS and .QE. -.LP -.I -Emphasis. -.R -To get -italics -(on the typesetter) or underlining (on the terminal) -say -.DS L - .I - as much text as you want - can be typed here - .R -.DE -.bd I -.br -as was done for -.I -these three words. -.R -The .R command restores the normal (usually Roman) font. -If only one word is to be italicized, it -may be just given on the line with the .I command, -.br -.bd I 3 -.DS - .I word -.DE -and in this case no .R is needed to restore -the previous font. -.B -Boldface -.R -can be produced by -.DS L - .B - Text to be set in boldface - goes here - .R -.DE -and also will be underlined on the terminal or line printer. -As with .I, a single word can be placed in boldface -by placing it on the same line as the .B command. -.PP -A few size changes -can be specified similarly with -the commands .LG (make larger), .SM (make smaller), and .NL -(return to normal size). -The size change -is two points; the commands may be repeated for -.SM -increased -.SM -effect -.NL -(here one .NL canceled two .SM commands). -.PP -If actual -.UL underlining -as opposed to italicizing is required on the typesetter, -the command -.DS - .UL word -.DE -will underline a word. There is no way to underline -multiple words on the typesetter. -.PP -.I -Footnotes. -.R -Material placed between lines with the commands .FS -(footnote) and .FE (footnote end) will -be collected, remembered, and finally placed -at the bottom of the current page*. -By default, footnotes are 11/12th the -length of normal text, -but this can be changed using the FL register (see below). -.FS -* Like this. -.FE -.PP -.I -Displays and Tables. -.R -To prepare displays of lines, such as tables, in which -the lines should not be re-arranged, -enclose them in the commands .DS and .DE -.DS L - .DS - table lines, like the - examples here, are placed - between .DS and .DE - .DE -.DE -By default, lines between .DS and .DE are indented and left-adjusted. -You can also center lines, or retain the left margin. -Lines bracketed by .DS C and .DE commands are -centered (and not re-arranged); lines bracketed -by .DS L and .DE are left-adjusted, not indented, and -not re-arranged. -A plain .DS is equivalent -to .DS I, which indents and left-adjusts. Thus, -.DS C -these lines were preceded -by .DS C and followed by -a .DE command; -.DE -whereas -.DS L -these lines were preceded -by .DS L and followed by -a .DE command. -.DE -Note that .DS C centers each line; there is a variant .DS B -that makes the display into a left-adjusted block of text, and -then centers that entire block. -Normally a display is kept together, on one page. -If you wish to have a long display which -may be split across page -boundaries, -use .CD, .LD, or .ID in place of -the commands .DS C, .DS L, or .DS I respectively. -An extra argument to the .DS I or .DS command is taken -as an amount to indent. -Note: it is tempting to assume that .DS R will right adjust -lines, but it doesn't work. -.PP -.I -Boxing words or lines. -.R -To draw rectangular boxes around words the command -.DS L - .BX word -.DE -will print -.BX word -as shown. -The boxes will not be neat on a terminal, and this -should not be used as a substitute for italics. -.B1 -Longer pieces of text may be boxed -by enclosing them with .B1 and .B2: -.DS L - .B1 - text... - .B2 -.DE -as has been done here. -.B2 -.PP -.I -Keeping blocks together. -.R -If you wish to keep a table or other block of lines -together on a page, there are ``keep - release'' commands. -If a block of lines preceded by .KS and followed by .KE does -not fit on the remainder of the current page, it will begin -on a new page. -Lines bracketed by .DS and .DE commands are automatically -kept together this way. -There is also a ``keep floating'' command: if the -block to be kept together is preceded by .KF instead of .KS -and does not fit -on the current page, it will be moved down through the text -until the top of the next page. Thus, no large blank space -will be introduced in the document. -.PP -.I -Nroff/Troff commands. -.R -Among the useful commands from the basic formatting programs -are the following. They all work with both typesetter and -computer terminal output: -.DS L - .bp - begin new page. - .br - ``break'', stop running text - from line to line. - .sp n - insert n blank lines. - .na - don't adjust right margins. -.DE -.PP -.I -Date. -.R -By default, documents produced on computer terminals have the -date at the bottom of each page; documents produced on -the typesetter don't. -To force the date, say ``.DA''. To force no date, say ``.ND''. -To lie about the date, say ``.DA July 4, 1776'' -which puts the specified date at the bottom of each page. -The command -.DS L - .ND May 8, 1945 -.DE -in ".RP" format -places the specified date on the cover sheet and nowhere else. -Place this line before the title. -.PP -.I -Signature line. -.R -You can obtain a signature line by placing -the command .SG in the document. -The authors' names will -be output in place of the .SG line. -An argument to .SG -is used -as a typing identification line, and -placed after the signatures. -The .SG command is ignored -in released paper format. -.PP -.I -Registers. -.R -Certain of the registers used by \-ms can -be altered to change default -settings. -They should be changed with .nr commands, -as with -.DS - .nr PS 9 -.DE -.bd I -to make the default point size 9 point. -If the effect is needed immediately, the -normal -.I -troff -.R -command should be used -in addition to changing the number register. -.br -.ps 9 -.vs 10p -.TS -c0 c c c -c c c c -a l l l. -Register Defines Takes Default - effect -PS point size next para. 10 -VS line spacing next para. 12 pts -LL line length next para. 6\(fm\(fm -LT title length next para. 6\(fm\(fm -PD para. spacing next para. 0.3 VS -PI para. indent next para. 5 ens -FL footnote length next FS 11/12 LL -CW column width next 2C 7/15 LL -GW intercolumn gap next 2C 1/15 LL -PO page offset next page 26/27\(fm\(fm -HM top margin next page 1\(fm\(fm -FM bottom margin next page 1\(fm\(fm -.TE -.ps \n(PS -.vs \n(VS -You may also alter -the strings -LH, CH, and RH which are the left, center, and right headings -respectively; and similarly LF, CF, and RF which are strings in the -page footer. -The page number on -.I -output -.R -is taken from register PN, to permit -changing its output style. -For more complicated headers and footers -the macros PT and BT can be redefined, as -explained earlier. -.bd I 3 -.PP -.I -Accents. -.R -To simplify typing certain foreign words, -strings representing common accent marks are defined. -They precede the letter over which the mark -is to appear. -Here are the strings: -.TS -center; -c c6 c c. -Input Output Input Output -\e*\(fme \*'e \e*~a \*~a -\e*\(gae \*`e \e*Ce \h'0.15m'\v'-0.6m'\s6\zv\s0\v'0.6m'\h'-0.15m'e -\e*:u \*:u \e*,c \*,c -\e*^e \o'^e' -.TE -.PP -.I -Use. -.R -After your document is prepared and stored on a file, -you can print it on a terminal with the command* -.bd I -.FS -* If .2C was used, pipe the -.I nroff -output -through -.I col; -make the first line of the input -``.pi /usr/bin/col.'' -.br -.FE -.DS L -.I - nroff \-ms file -.R -.DE -and you can print it on the typesetter with the -command -.DS L -.I - troff \-ms file -.R -.DE -(many options are possible). -In each case, if your document is stored in several files, -just list all the filenames -where we have used ``file''. -If equations or tables are used, -.I -eqn -.R -and/or -.I -tbl -.R -must be invoked as preprocessors. -.br -.bd I 3 -.PP -.I -References and further study. -.R -If you have to do Greek or mathematics, see -.I eqn -[1] -for equation setting. -To aid -.I eqn -users, -.I \-ms -provides definitions of .EQ and .EN -which normally center the equation and set it off slightly. -An argument on .EQ is taken to be an equation -number and placed in the right margin near the equation. -In addition, there are three special arguments to EQ: -the letters C, I, and L indicate centered (default), -indented, and left adjusted equations, respectively. -If there is both a format argument -and an equation number, -give the format argument first, as in -.bd I -.DS - .EQ L (1.3a) -.DE -for a left-adjusted equation numbered (1.3a). -.PP -Similarly, -the macros .TS and .TE -are defined -to separate tables (see [2]) from text with a little space. -A very long table with a heading may be broken -across pages by beginning it with .TS H -instead of .TS, -and placing the line .TH in the table data -after the heading. If the table -has no heading repeated from page to page, -just use the ordinary .TS and .TE macros. -.PP -To learn more about -.I troff -see -[3] for a general introduction, and [4] -for the full details (experts only). -Information on related UNIX commands -is in [5]. -For jobs that do not seem well-adapted -to \-ms, consider other macro packages. -It is often far easier to write a specific macro packages -for such tasks as imitating particular journals than -to try to adapt \-ms. -.PP -.bd I 3 -.I -Acknowledgment. -.R -Many thanks are due to Brian Kernighan for -his help in the design and implementation of this package, -and for his assistance in preparing this manual. -.bd I -.SH -.ce -References -.PP -.IP [1] -B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, -.I -Typesetting Mathematics \(em Users Guide (2nd edition), -.R -Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 17. -.IP [2] -M. E. Lesk, -.I -Tbl \(em A Program to Format Tables, -.R -Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 45. -.IP [3] -B. W. Kernighan, -.I -A Troff Tutorial, -.R -Bell Laboratories, 1976. -.IP [4] -J. F. Ossanna, -.I -Nroff\|/Troff Reference Manual, -.R -Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 51. -.IP [5] -K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie, -.I -UNIX Programmer's Manual, -.R -Bell Laboratories, 1978. -.1C -.SH -.ce -Appendix A -.ce -List of Commands -.ft R -.TS -expand; -l2 l5 l2 l. -1C Return to single column format. LG Increase type size. -2C Start double column format. LP Left aligned block paragraph. -AB Begin abstract. -AE End abstract. -AI Specify author's institution. -AU Specify author. ND Change or cancel date. -B Begin boldface. NH Specify numbered heading. -DA Provide the date on each page. NL Return to normal type size. -DE End display. PP Begin paragraph. -DS Start display (also CD, LD, ID). -EN End equation. R Return to regular font (usually Roman). -EQ Begin equation. RE End one level of relative indenting. -FE End footnote. RP Use released paper format. -FS Begin footnote. RS Relative indent increased one level. - SG Insert signature line. -I Begin italics. SH Specify section heading. - SM Change to smaller type size. -IP Begin indented paragraph. TL Specify title. -KE Release keep. -KF Begin floating keep. UL Underline one word. -KS Start keep. -.TE -.sp -.ce -.ft B -Register Names -.ft R -.PP -The following register names are used by \-ms internally. -Independent use of these names in one's own macros may -produce incorrect output. -Note that no lower case letters are used in any \-ms internal name. -.TS - expand; -c s s s s s s s s s s -l l l l l l l l l l l. -Number registers used in \-ms -: DW GW HM IQ LL NA OJ PO T. TV -#T EF H1 HT IR LT NC PD PQ TB VS -.T FC H2 IF IT MF ND PE PS TC WF -1T FL H3 IK KI MM NF PF PX TD YE -AV FM H4 IM L1 MN NS PI RO TN YY -CW FP H5 IP LE MO OI PN ST TQ ZN -.TE -.sp -.TS -expand; -c s s s s s s s s s s -l l l l l l l l l l l. -String registers used in \-ms -\(fm A5 CB DW EZ I KF MR R1 RT TL -\(ga AB CC DY FA I1 KQ ND R2 S0 TM -^ AE CD E1 FE I2 KS NH R3 S1 TQ -~ AI CF E2 FJ I3 LB NL R4 S2 TS -: AU CH E3 FK I4 LD NP R5 SG TT -, B CM E4 FN I5 LG OD RC SH UL -1C BG CS E5 FO ID LP OK RE SM WB -2C BT CT EE FQ IE ME PP RF SN WH -A1 C D EL FS IM MF PT RH SY WT -A2 C1 DA EM FV IP MH PY RP TA XD -A3 C2 DE EN FY IZ MN QF RQ TE XF -A4 CA DS EQ HO KE MO R RS TH XK -.TE -.ne 4i -.br -.ne 5i -.ta 1i 2i 3i 4i -.vs .6i -.nf -.in 1i -.ll 4.2i -.ce -Order of Commands in Input - - RP -TL -AU -AI - AB - AE - - NH, SH - PP, LP - text ... -.br -.ce -Figure 1 -.fi -.in 0 //GO.SYSIN DD ms echo refcard sed 's/.//' >refcard <<'//GO.SYSIN DD refcard' -.fp 3 H -.po .5i -.de I -.ft 2 -.. -.de R -.ft 1 -.. -.de B -.bd R 2 -\\$1 -.bd R -.. -.de hh -.br -.vs 10p -.ps 12 -.bd 1 3 -.ce -\\$1 -.ps 9 -.br -.bd 1 -.sp -.. -.de NP -'po 0 -.ps 9 -.ta .25i 3.75i 7.25i 7.7i -\(rn\t|\t|\t|\t\(rn -'po -'sp .2i -.mk z -.. -.de FT -.po 0 -.ps 9 -.ta .25i 3.75i 7.25i - | | |-.po .5i -.. -.wh -8p FT -.de b1 -.br -.tm left col bottom at \\n(nl -.po +3.5i -.sp |\\nzu -.ph -.. -.de b2 -.br -.tm right col bottom at \\n(nl -.po -3.5i -.bp -.ph -.. -.de ph -.nr x +1 -.tl ''\\nx'' -.sp .2i -.. -.nr x 1 -.wh 0 NP -.ll 3i -.lt 3i -.nr LL 3i -.nr IQ 4 -.nr IR 4 -.de IP -.RT -.if \\n(IP=0 .nr IP +1 -.if \\n(.$ .LB "\\$1" -.if !\\n(.$ .LB -.. -.de RT -.if \\n(IP .in -\\n(IQn -.if \\n(IP .nr IP -1 -.. -.de LP -.RT -.ti 0 -.ne 3 -.if \\n(.$ .LB \\$1 -.. -.de LB -.in +\\n(IQn -.ta \\n(IQn -.if \\n(.$ .ti -\\n(IQn -.if \\n(.$ \\$1\t\c -.. -.de RS -.in +\\n(IRn -.. -. \"RE - retreat to the left -.de RE -.br -.in -\\n(IRn -.. -.br -.rs -.sp 1i -.ps 14 -.vs 16p -.ce 3 -A Guide to Preparing -Documents with \-ms -.sp 2 -.ps 10 -.vs 12p -.ft I -.ce -M. E. Lesk -.ft R -.lt \n(.lu -.sp .5 -.tl 'Bell Laboratories''August 1978' -.sp .5 -.tl xx\l'\n(.lu'xx -.sp 1 -.bd I 2 -.vs 11p -.fi -This guide gives some simple examples of -document preparation on Bell Labs computers, -emphasizing the use of the \fI\-ms\fR macro -package. -It enormously abbreviates -information in -.IP 1. -.I -Typing Documents on UNIX and GCOS, -.R -by M. E. Lesk; -.IP 2. -.I -Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide, -.R -by B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry; and -.IP 3. -.I -Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables, -.R -by M. E. Lesk. -.LP -These memos are all included in the -.I -UNIX Programmer's Manual, Volume 2. -.R -The new user should also have -.I -A Tutorial Introduction to the UNIX Text Editor, -.R -by B. W. Kernighan. -.sp .5 -For more detailed information, read -.I -Advanced Editing on UNIX -.R -and -.I -A Troff Tutorial, -.R -by B. W. Kernighan, -and (for experts) -.I -Nroff\^/Troff Reference Manual -.R -by J. F. Ossanna. -Information on related commands is -found (for UNIX users) in -.I -UNIX for Beginners -.R -by B. W. Kernighan -and the -.I -UNIX Programmer's Manual -.R -by K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie. -.br -.vs 12p -.sp 1.5 -.ce -.ps +2 -Contents -.nf -.ps -.sp .5 -.in .2i -.bd I -.ta 2.4i -.cs I 25 -A TM \fI\fR 2 -A released paper \fI\fR 3 -An internal memo, and headings \fI\fR 4 -Lists, displays, and footnotes \fI\fR 5 -Indents, keeps, and double column \fI\fR 6 -Equations and registers \fI\fR 7 -Tables and usage \fI\fR 8 -.in 0 -.cs I -.sp 1 -.fi -.EQ -delim $$ -.EN -Throughout the examples, input is shown in -.ft 3 -.br -.ti +2n -this Helvetica sans serif font -.ft R -.br -while the resulting output is shown in -.ti +2n -this Times Roman font. -.nf -.sp 2 -.ce -UNIX Document no. 1111 -.ps 9 -.vs 10p -.EQ -gsize 9 -.EN -.b1 -.hh "Commands for a TM" -.nf -.ft 3 -\&.TM 1978-5b3 99999 99999-11 -\&.ND April 1, 1976 -\&.TL -\&The Role of the Allen Wrench in Modern -\&Electronics -\&.AU "MH 2G-111" 2345 -\&J. Q. Pencilpusher -\&.AU "MH 1K-222" 5432 -\&X. Y. Hardwired -\&.AI -\&.MH -\&.OK -\&Tools -\&Design -\&.AB -\&This abstract should be short enough to -\&fit on a single page cover sheet. -\&It must attract the reader into sending for -\&the complete memorandum. -\&.AE -\&.CS 10 2 12 5 6 7 -\&.NH -\&Introduction. -\&.PP -\&Now the first paragraph of actual text ... -\&... -\&Last line of text. -\&.SG MH-1234-JQP/XYH-unix -\&.NH -\&References ... -.ft -.sp -.fi -Commands not needed in a particular -format are ignored. -.sp -.ps 8 -.vs 9p -.mk a -.sp .20i -.ll 3i -.nf -\h'2n'\s16\(bs\s7 $fat roman size 7 "Bell Laboratories"$ \s8Cover Sheet for TM -.sp -\s6\l'3i' -.fi -.ps 7 -.ft 2 -.sp 1p -This information is for employees of Bell Laboratories. (GEI 13.9-3)\p -.ft 1 -.nf -.vs 4p -\s6\l'3i' -.vs 9p -.sp -.ll 3.0i -.ps 7 -.ta .25i 2.25i 2.45i -.mk -Title- \s8 -.rt -.in .25i -.hy 0 -.bd 1 2 -The Role of the Allen Wrench -in Modern Electronics -.hy 14 -.br -.bd 1 -.rt -.ll \\n(LLu -.in 2.1i -\s7Date- \s8 -.rt -.in 2.35i -.bd 1 2 -.ps 8 -April 1, 1976 -.sp -.bd 1 -.ti 2.1i -.mk -\s7TM- \s8 -.br -.rt -.bd 1 2 -1978-5b3 -.rt -.in 0 -.bd 1 -.sp -.mk -\s7Other Keywords- \kQ -.rt -.in \nQu -.bd 1 2 -.ps 8 -Tools -Design -.rm OK -.rm OD -.in 0 -.bd 1 -.if t .sp .35i -.ps 7 -.ta 1.05i 1.7i 2.0i -Author Location Ext. Charging Case- \s8$fat roman size 8 99999$ -.nf -.mk -.bd 1 2 -.ps 8 -J. Q. Pencilpusher MH 2G-111 2345 -.rt -.br -.bd 1 - \s7Filing Case- \s8$fat roman size 8 "99999a"$ -.br -.bd 1 2 -X. Y. Hardwired MH 1K-222 5432 -.sp .2i -.bd 1 -.br -.ll 3i -.ce -.ft I -ABSTRACT -.ft 1 -.sp -.fi -.ps 8 -.ll 2.5i -.in +.25i -.ti +2 -This abstract should be short enough to fit -on a single page cover sheet. -It must attract the reader into sending for the -complete memorandum. -.in -.ll -.sp .4i -.nf -\l'3i' -.ta .9i 1.8i 2.7i -.sp 5p -Pages Text 10 Other 2 Total 12 -.if t .sp 8p -.if n .sp -.if t No. Figures 5 No. Tables 6 No. Refs. 7 \b'|||||\ \ ' -\l'3i' -.ps 6 -.if n .sp -.lt 3i -.tl 'E-1932-U (6-73)''SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR DISTRIBUTION LIST' -.sp .20i -.de eb -.sp -1 -.nf -\h'-1m'\L'|\\nau-1'\l'\\n(.lu+2m\(ul'\L'-|\\nau+1'\l'|0u-1m\(ul' -.fi -.. -.eb -.b2 -.hh "A Released Paper with Mathematics" -.ft 3 -.nf -.EQ -delim off -.EN -\&.EQ -\&delim $$ -\&.EN -\&.RP -.sp -.ft 1 -\&... (as for a TM) -.sp -.ft 3 -\&.CS 10 2 12 5 6 7 -\&.NH -\&Introduction -\&.PP -\&The solution to the torque handle equation -\&.EQ (1) -\&sum from 0 to inf F ( x sub i ) = G ( x ) -\&.EN -\&is found with the transformation $ x = rho over -\&theta $ where $ rho = G prime (x) $ and $theta$ -\&is derived ... -.ft 1 -.sp 2 -.mk a -.ll 3i -.ps 9 -.bd 1 2 -.sp .4i -.ce 2 -.vs 11p -The Role of the Allen Wrench -in Modern Electronics -.sp .7 -.ce 3 -.ft 2 -.bd 1 -.ps 8 -.vs 9p -J. Q. Pencilpusher -.sp .7 -X. Y. Hardwired -.sp .7 -.ce 2 -.ft 1 -Bell Laboratories -Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 -.sp 2 -.ce -.ft 2 -ABSTRACT -.ft 1 -.sp .7 -.in +.25i -.ll 2.75i -.fi -.ad -.ti +2n -This abstract should be short enough to fit -on a single page cover sheet. -It must attract the reader into sending for the -complete memorandum. -.sp 5v -.in -.ll -April 1, 1976 -.sp .2i -.eb -.ll 3i -.sp .5v -.sp 3.5p -.mk a -.lt 3i -.ps 9 -.sp .25i -.bd 1 2 -.ce 2 -.vs 11p -The Role of the Allen Wrench -in Modern Electronics -.sp -.ce 3 -.bd 1 -.ft 2 -.ps 8 -.vs 9p -J. Q. Pencilpusher -.sp -X. Y. Hardwired -.sp -.ce 2 -.ft 1 -Bell Laboratories -Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 -.sp 3 -.ce -.de SH -.bd 1 2 -.sp -.ce 0 -.in 0 -.. -.de PP -.sp .3 -.ft 1 -.bd 1 -.ti +2n -.. -.SH -1. Introduction -.PP -The solution to the torque handle equation -.br -.di xx -.EQ -delim $$ -gsize 8 -sum from 0 to inf F ( x sub i ) = G ( x ) -.EN -.br -.di -.tl ''\*(10'(1)' -is found with the transformation -$ x = rho over theta $ where $ rho = G prime ( x )$ -and $theta$ is derived from well-known principles. -......PP -......ft 2 -.....The Ascent of the Riffelberg, -......ft 1 -.....by Mark Twain. -.....I sat silent some time, then turned to Harris and said: -.....``My mind is made up.'' -.....Something in my tone struck him; and when he glanced -.....at my eye and read what was written there, his face paled -.....perceptibly. He hesitated a moment, then said: -.....``Speak.'' -.....I answered, with perfect calmness: -......ft 2 -.....``I will ascend the Riffelberg.'' -......ft 1 -.....If I had shot my poor friend he could not have fallen from -.....his chair more suddenly. If I had been his father he -.....could not have pleaded harder to get me to give up my -.....purpose. But I turned a deaf ear to all he said. When he -.....perceived at last that nothing could alter my determination, -.....he ceased to urge, and for a while the deep\p -.sp .5v -.sp 3.5p -.eb -.b1 -.hh "An Internal Memorandum" -.ft 3 -.nf -\&.IM -\&.ND January 24, 1956 -\&.TL -\&The 1956 Consent Decree -\&.AU -\&Able, Baker & -\&Charley, Attys. -\&.PP -Plaintiff, United States of America, having filed -its complaint herein on January 14, 1949; the -defendants having appeared and filed their -answer to such complaint denying the -substantive allegations thereof; and the parties, -by their attorneys, ... -.ft -.sp -.ft 1 -.mk a -.br -.sp .20i -.ta 2.1i -.ll 3i -.ps 18 -.br - \(bs -.vs .20i -.ps 7 -.br -.bd 1 2 -.nf - Bell Laboratories -.fi -.na -.bd 1 -.ps 7 -.vs 8p -.sp .12i -.mk -.fi -.ll -.ll 2.0i -Subject: -.ps 8 -.hy 0 -.br -.bd 1 2 -.sp -1 -\h'\w'\s7Subject: \s0'u'The 1956 Consent Decree -.hy 14 -.br -.bd 1 -.rt -.ll 3.25i -.in 2.10i -.ps 7 -.mk -.ti -6n -date: -.br -.bd 1 2 -.rt -.ps 8 -January 24, 1956 -.sp -.bd 1 -.ps 7 -.mk -.ti -6n -from: -.ps 8 -.nf -.br -.bd 1 2 -.rt -Able, Baker & -Charley, Attys. -.br -.bd 1 -.sp -.sp -.ll 3i -.ad -.fi -.in 0 -.de SH -.sp .5 -.bd 1 2 -.. -.de PP -.sp .3 -.bd 1 -.ti +2n -.. -.PP -Plaintiff, United States of America, having filed its complaint -herein on January 14, 1949; the defendants having appeared and -filed their answer to such complaint denying the substantive -allegations thereof; and the parties, by their attorneys, having -severally consented to the entry of this Final Judgment without -trial or adjudication of any issues of fact or law herein and without -this Final Judgment constituting any evidence or admission by any -party in respect of any such issues; -.PP -Now, therefore before any testimony has been taken herein, and -without trial or adjudication of any issue of fact or law herein, -and upon the consent of all parties hereto, it is hereby -.PP -Ordered, adjudged and decreed as follows: -.SH -I. -[Sherman Act] -.PP -This Court has jurisdiction of the subject matter herein and of all -the parties hereto. -The complaint states a claim upon which relief may be granted -against each of the defendants under Sections 1, 2 and 3 of the -Act of Congress of July 2, 1890, entitled ``An act to protect -trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,'' -commonly known as the Sherman Act, as amended. -.SH -II. -[Definitions] -.PP -For the purposes of this Final Judgment: -.PP -(a) ``Western'' shall mean the defendant Western Electric -Company, Incorporated. -.sp .25i -.eb -.sp -.ft 1 -.bd 1 - -.ps 9 -.vs 10p -Other formats possible (specify before \f3.TL\f1) are: -\&\f3.MR\f1 (``memo for record''), \f3.MF\f1 -(``memo for file''), -\&\f3.EG\f1 (``engineer's notes'') and \f3.TR\f1 -(Computing Science Tech. Report). -.sp 2 -.hh "Headings" -.sp .5 -.nf -.ft 3 -.ta 2i -\&.NH .SH -Introduction. Appendix I -\&.PP .PP -text text text text text text -.ft 1 -.bd 1 2 -.sp -.br -1. Introduction Appendix I -.br -.sp .3v -.bd 1 -\0\0text text text \0\0text text text -.br -.b2 -.hh "A Simple List" -.ft 3 -.nf -\&.IP 1. -\&J. Pencilpusher and X. Hardwired, -\&.I -\&A New Kind of Set Screw, -\&.R -\&Proc. IEEE -\&.B 75 -\&(1976), 23-255. -\&.IP 2. -\&H. Nails and R. Irons, -\&.I -\&Fasteners for Printed Circuit Boards, -\&.R -\&Proc. ASME -\&.B 23 -\&(1974), 23-24. -\&.LP \fP(terminates list) -.sp 1.5 -.EQ -delim $$ -gsize 9 -.EN -.fi -.IP 1. -J. Pencilpusher and X. Hardwired, -.I -A New Kind of Set Screw, -.R -Proc. IEEE -$fat 75$ -(1976), 23-255. -.IP 2. -H. Nails and R. Irons, -.I -Fasteners for Printed Circuit Boards, -.R -Proc. ASME -$fat 23$ -(1974), 23-24. -.LP -.sp 2 -.EQ -delim off -.EN -.hh "Displays" -.nf -.ft 3 -\&text text text text text text -\&.DS -\&and now -\&for something -\&completely different -\&.DE -\&text text text text text text -.ft -.sp 1 -.fi -hoboken harrison newark roseville avenue grove street -east orange brick church orange highland avenue -mountain station south orange maplewood millburn short hills -summit new providence -.in .4i -.sp .5 -.nf -and now -for something -completely different -.sp .5 -.in -.fi -murray hill berkeley heights -gillette stirling millington lyons basking ridge -bernardsville far hills peapack gladstone -.sp .5 -Options: \f3.DS L\f1: left-adjust; -\&\f3.DS C\f1: line-by-line center; \f3.DS B\f1: make block, then center. -.sp 2 -.hh "Footnotes" -.nf -.ft 3 -\&Among the most important occupants -\&of the workbench are the long-nosed pliers. -\&Without these basic tools* -\&.FS -\&* As first shown by Tiger & Leopard -\&(1975). -\&.FE -\&few assemblies could be completed. They may -\&lack the popular appeal of the sledgehammer -.ft -.sp 1.5 -.fi -Among the most important occupants -of the workbench are the long-nosed -pliers. -Without these basic tools* -few assemblies could be completed. -They may lack the -popular appeal of the sledgehammer -.br -\l'1i' -.ps -1 -.br -* As first shown by Tiger & Leopard (1975). -.ps -.br -.nf -.b1 -.hh "Multiple Indents" -.ft 3 -\&This is ordinary text to point out -\&the margins of the page. -\&.IP 1. -\&First level item -\&.RS -\&.IP a) -\&Second level. -\&.IP b) -\&Continued here with another second -\&level item, but somewhat longer. -\&.RE -\&.IP 2. -\&Return to previous value of the -\&indenting at this point. -\&.IP 3. -\&Another -\&line. -.ft -.sp 1.5v -.fi -This is ordinary text to point out -the margins of the page. -.IP 1. -First level item -.RS -.IP a) -Second level. -.IP b) -Continued here with another second level -item, but somewhat longer. -.RE -.IP 2. -Return to previous value of the -indenting at this point. -.IP 3. -Another -line. -.LP -.sp 2 -.hh "Keeps" -.fi -Lines bracketed by the following commands are kept together, -and will appear entirely on one page: -.TS -center; -Lf3 5 L8 Lf3 5 L. -\&.KS not moved .KF may float -\&.KE through text .KE in text -.TE -.nf -.sp 2 -.hh "Double Column" -.nf -.hy 0 -.ft 3 -\&.TL -The Declaration of Independence -\&.2C -.na -.fi -\&.PP -.br -When in the course of human events, it becomes -necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds -which have connected them with another, and to assume -among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station -to which the laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, -a decent respect to the opinions of -.ft -.de xy -.if \\n(xy=0 'rt -.if \\n(xy=0 'po +1.58i -.nr xy +1 -.. -.wh 10.45i xy -.br -.ad -.hy 1 -.sp 1.5 -.ce -The Declaration of Independence -.sp .5 -.ll 1.42i -.mk -.fi -.ti +2n -When in the course of human events, it becomes -necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have -connected them with another, and to assume among the -powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which -the laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent -respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should -declare the causes which impel them to the separation. -.ti +2n -We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men -are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator -with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, -and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, -governments are instituted among men,\p -.br -.po -1.58i -.ll 3i -.lt 3i -.rm xy -.b2 -.hh "Equations" -.nf -.de EQ \"equation, breakout and display -.nr EF \\n(.u -.rm EE -.nr LE 1 \" 1 is center -.ds EL \\$1 -.if "\\$1"L" .ds EL \\$2 -.if "\\$1"L" .nr LE 0 -.if "\\$1"C" .ds EL \\$2 -.if "\\$1"I" .nr LE 0 -.if "\\$1"I" .ds EE \\h'5n' -.if "\\$1"I" .if !"\\$3"" .ds EE \\h'\\$3n' -.if "\\$1"I" .ds EL \\$2 -.nf -.di EZ -.. -.de EN \" end of a displayed equation -.di -.rm EZ -.lt \\n(.lu -.pc -.if \\n(dn>0 .if \\n(LE>0 .tl \(ts\(ts\\*(10\(ts\\*(EL\(ts -.if \\n(dn>0 .if \\n(LE=0 .tl '\\*(EE\\*(10''\\*(EL' -.pc % -.lt \\n(LLu -.if \\n(EF>0 .fi -.rm EL -.rm 10 -.nr PE \\n(.d -.. -.ft 3 -A displayed equation is marked -with an equation number at the right margin -by adding an argument to the EQ line: -\&.EQ (1.3) -x sup 2 over a sup 2 ~=~ sqrt {p z sup 2 +qz+r} -\&.EN -.ft -.sp -.fi -A displayed equation is marked with an equation number -at the right margin by adding an argument to the EQ line: -.sp .4 -.EQ (1.3) -x sup 2 over a sup 2 -~=~ sqrt { p z sup 2 + q z + r } -.EN -.sp -.nf -.ft 3 -\&.EQ I (2.2a) -bold V bar sub nu~=~left [ pile {a above b above -c } right ] + left [ matrix { col { A(11) above . -above . } col { . above . above .} col {. above . -above A(33) }} right ] cdot left [ pile { alpha -above beta above gamma } right ] -.nf -\&.EN -.ft -.sp -.EQ I (2.2a) -fat {roman V} bar sub nu~=~left [ pile {a above b above c} -right ] + left [ matrix { col { A(11) above . -above . } col { . above . above .} col {. above . -above A(33) }} right ] cdot left [ pile { alpha -above beta above gamma } right ] -.EN -.sp -.ft 3 -\&.EQ L -F hat ( chi ) ~ mark = ~ | del V | sup 2 -\&.EN -\&.EQ L -.fi -.na -lineup =~ {left ( {partial V} over {partial x} right ) } sup 2 -+ { left ( {partial V} over {partial y} right ) } sup 2 -~~~~~~ lambda -> inf -.nf -\&.EN -.ft -.ta .25i -.sp -.EQ L -F hat ( chi ) ~ mark = ~ | del V | sup 2 -.EN -.sp 1 -.EQ L -delim off -lineup =~ {left ( {partial V} over {partial x} right ) } sup 2 -+ { left ( {partial V} over {partial y} right ) } sup 2 -~~~~~~ lambda -> inf -.EN -.rm EQ -.rm EN -.fi -.sp -.ft 3 -$ a dot $, $ b dotdot$, $ xi tilde times -y vec$: -.EQ -delim $$ -.EN -.ft R -.br -.sp -$ a dot $, $ b dotdot$, $ xi tilde times -y vec$. -.EQ -delim off -.EN -\h'.3i'(with delim $$ on, see panel 3). -.sp .5 -See also the equations in the second table, panel 8. -.nf -.br -.bd I -.sp 2 -.ft R -.hh "Some Registers You Can Change" -.nf -.mk -Line length - .nr LL 7i -.sp .4 -Title length - .nr LT 7i -.sp .4 -Point size - .nr PS 9 -.sp .4 -Vertical spacing - .nr VS 11 -.sp .4 -Column width - .nr CW 3i -.sp .4 -Intercolumn spacing - .nr GW .5i -.sp .4 -Margins \- head and foot - .nr HM .75i - .nr FM .75i -.sp .4 -Paragraph indent - .nr PI 2n -.rt -.po +1.6i -Paragraph spacing - .nr PD 0 -.sp .4 -Page offset - .nr PO 0.5i -.sp .4 -Page heading - .ds CH Appendix - (center) - .ds RH 7-25-76 - (right) - .ds LH Private - (left) -.sp .4 -Page footer - .ds CF Draft - .ds LF - .ds RF \u similar \d -.sp .4 -Page numbers - .nr % 3 -.po -1.6i -.b1 -.hh Tables -.nf -.ds T \|\h'.35n'\v'-.1n'\s6\zT\s0\v'.1n'\h'-.35n'\(ci\|-.ft 3 -.EQ -delim off -.EN -\&.TS\h'.5i'\fR(\f3\*T\f1 indicates a tab)\f3 -\&allbox; -.nr x \n(nl -\&c s s -\&c c c -\&n n n. -\&AT&T Common Stock -\&Year\*TPrice\*TDividend -\&1971\*T41-54\*T$2.60 -\&2\*T41-54\*T2.70 -\&3\*T46-55\*T2.87 -\&4\*T40-53\*T3.24 -\&5\*T45-52\*T3.40 -\&6\*T51-59\*T.95* -\&.TE -\&* (first quarter only) -.ft 1 -.nr y \n(nl -.sp |\nxu -.di qq -.TS -allbox; -c s s -c c c -n1 n1 n1. -AT&T Common Stock -Year Price Dividend -1971 41-54 $2.60 -2 41-54 2.70 -3 46-55 2.87 -4 40-53 3.24 -5 45-52 3.40 -6 51-59 .95* -.TE -* (first quarter only) -.br -.di -.in 3i-\n(TWu -.nf -.qq -.in 0 -.if \ny>\n(nl .sp |\nyu -.sp .5 -.ft 1 -.fi -.ad -The meanings of the key-letters describing -the alignment of each entry are: -.br -.nf -.TS -center; -cf3 l6 cf3 l. -c center n numerical -r right-adjust a subcolumn -l left-adjust s spanned -.TE -.fi -The global table options are -.ft 3 -.bd I 2 -.hy 0 -center, expand, box, doublebox, allbox, -tab (\f2x\fP\|) -.ft 1 -and -.ft 3 -linesize (\f2n\fP\|). -.br -.hy 1 -.ft 1 -.bd I -.sp 1 -.nf -.ta .1i -.ft 3 -\&.TS\h'.5i'\fR(with delim $$ on, see panel 3)\fP -\&doublebox, center; -\&c c -\&l l. -\&Name\*TDefinition -\&.sp -\&Gamma\*T$GAMMA (z) = int sub 0 sup inf \e - t sup {z-1} e sup -t dt$ -\&Sine\*T$sin (x) = 1 over 2i ( e sup ix - e sup -ix )$ -\&Error\*T$ roman erf (z) = 2 over sqrt pi \e - int sub 0 sup z e sup {-t sup 2} dt$ -\&Bessel\*T$ J sub 0 (z) = 1 over pi \e - int sub 0 sup pi cos ( z sin theta ) d theta $ -\&Zeta\*T$ zeta (s) = \e - sum from k=1 to inf k sup -s ~~( Re~s > 1)$ -\&.TE -.ft -.sp -.EQ -delim $$ -.EN -.vs +2p -.TS -doublebox, center; -c c -l l. -Name Definition -.sp -Gamma $GAMMA (z) = int sub 0 sup inf t sup {z-1} e sup -t dt$ -Sine $sin (x) = 1 over 2i ( e sup ix - e sup -ix )$ -Error $ roman erf (z) = 2 over sqrt pi int sub 0 sup z e sup {-t sup 2} dt$ -Bessel $ J sub 0 (z) = 1 over pi int sub 0 sup pi cos ( z sin theta ) d theta $ -Zeta $ zeta (s) = sum from k=1 to inf k sup -s ~~( Re~s > 1)$ -.TE -.vs -2p -.br -.bd I 2 -.sp 1 -.hh "Usage" -.ps 9 -.vs 10p -.ds & \\s-1&\\s0 -.TS -l. -\h'.25i'Documents with just text: -troff -ms files -\h'.25i'With equations only: -eqn files | troff -ms -\h'.25i'With tables only: -tbl files | troff -ms -\h'.25i'With both tables and equations: -tbl files\||\|eqn\||\|troff -ms -_ -.TE -.ft R -.fi -.sp .5 -The above generates \s-2STARE\s0 output on -\s-2GCOS\s0: replace -.ft 3 -\-st -.ft R -with -.ft 3 -\-ph -.ft R -for typesetter output. -.ft 1 -.bd I -.b2 //GO.SYSIN DD refcard