Police Department,Requires De-Escalation,"(Policy Language) Requires De-Escalation: Does the policy require officers to de-escalate situations, when possible?",Bans Chokeholds and Strangleholds,"(Policy Language) Bans Chokeholds and Strangleholds: Are chokeholds and strangleholds (including carotid restraints) explicitly prohibited, except in situations where deadly force is authorized?",Duty to Intervene,(Policy Language) Duty to Intervene: Are officers required to intervene when witnessing another officer using excessive force?,Requires Warning Before Shooting,"(Policy Language) Requires Warning Before Shooting: Are officers required to give a verbal warning, when possible, before shooting someone?",Restricts Shooting at Moving Vehicles,(Policy Language) Restricts Shooting at Moving Vehicles: Are officers prohibited from shooting at people in moving vehicles unless the subject presents a separate deadly threat other than the vehicle itself?,Requires Comprehensive Reporting,"(Policy Language) Requires Comprehensive Reporting: Are all uses of force required to be reported, including the pointing of a firearm at a civilian?",Requires Exhaust All Other Means Before Shooting,(Policy Language) Requires Exhaust All Other Means Before Shooting: Are officers required to exhaust all other reasonable alternatives before resorting to deadly force?,Has Use of Force Continuum,"(Policy Language) Has Use of Force Continuum: Is a Force Continuum or Matrix included in the Policy, defining the types of force/weapons that can be used to respond to specific types of resistance?",Year of most recent policy,Total Population,Updated Since 2016,Year of Most Recent Policy
Buffalo,0,"No. Doesn't explicitly require de-escalation tactics, though the policy does imply non-physical means of resolving situations by: ""Physical force shall only be used when no other viable option is available""",0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Members shall not discharge a firearm or shoulder weapon from or at a moving vehicle or its occupants unless the occupants of the other vehicle are using deadly physical force against you or another person by means other than the vehicle. Members shall not discharge their firearms at or from a moving vehicle when the consequences of so doing will jeopardize the safety of other members of the Department or innocent bystanders.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""B. Physical force shall only be used when no other viable option is available. C. When force isused, only the minimum amount of force that is necessary to overcome the suspect's resistance,shall be employed. D. The use of force must be reasonable and can never be reckless.""""excessive or unreasonable force shall not be used.""""Even if the use of deadly physical force is authorized, the Officer may not be reckless in its use. C. Depending upon the circumstances in which they are utilized, the use of the night stick, restraining holds, police vehicles, as well as service firearms, may be construed as the use of deadly physical force.""",1,Yes.,Unknown,261310,0,Unknown
Laredo,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""a verbal warning, where practical, has been given.""",0,"No. ""Officers shall not fire at moving vehicles except in self-defense, the defense of another police officer, or of another person.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""An officer may use deadly force to protect himself or others from what he reasonably believes to be an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury"" when ""the action is necessary to prevent escape and all other means of apprehension have been exhausted or they would obviously be unsuccessful if attempted""",1,Yes.,Unknown,236091,0,Unknown
Las Vegas,1,"Yes De-Escalation section including Tactical withdrawals and verbal advisements. DE-ESCALATION Policing requires that at times an officer must exercise control of a violent or resisting subject to make an arrest, or to protect the officer, other officers, or members of the community from risk of imminent harm. Clearly, not every potential violent confrontation can be de-escalated, but officers do have the ability to impact the direction and the outcome of many situations they handle, based on their decision-making and the tactics they choose to employ. When reasonable under the totality of circumstances, officers should gather information about the incident, assess the risks, assemble resources, attempt to slow momentum, and communicate and coordinate a response. In their interaction with subjects, officers should use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and alternatives to higher levels of force. Officers should recognize that they may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows them greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of Force Options. Officers shall perform their work in a manner that avoids unduly jeopardizing their own safety or the safety of others through poor tactical decisions.",0,"No. No explicit ban on chokeholds, strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) authorized as low to intermediate level use of force. F. Lateral Vascular Neck RestraintФ: There are three levels to applying the LVNRФ. Level One begins with Low Level Force and may progress to the Intermediate based on the subjectђs actions. Level of Control: Low Level Force -- LVNRФ Level One (minimum restraint) Intermediate Force -- LVNRФ Level Two (medium restraint) LVNRФ Level Three (maximum restraint)",1,"Yes DUTY TO INTERVENE Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Officers shall promptly report these observations to a supervisor.",1,"Yes Firearms, Deployment requirement, Handgun/Shotgun, 1 and 2 Officers will give some warning, if feasible, prior to the use of deadly force. Example: _Police! Stop or I will shoot!”",0,"No. 3.c.1-3: Officers must try to move out of the way, where reasonable, rather than firing on moving vehicle.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The officer will use a level of force that is necessary and within the range of objectively reasonable options.""",1,Yes. - Levels of Control,Unknown,2027868,0,Unknown
Los Angeles,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",1,"Yes. Bans chokeholds, and bans strangleholds except for cases when deadly force is authorized. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-chokehold-20141210-story.html http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/2014/12/10/why-many-large-police-departments-tolerate-their-officers-using-neck-holds",1,"Yes 210.46 EMPLOYEE'S DUTY TO REPORT MISCONDUCT. The reporting of misconduct and prevention of the escalation of misconduct are areas that demand an employee to exercise courage, integrity, and decisiveness. Department Manual Section 3/813.05 requires that when an employee, at any level, becomes aware of possible misconduct by another member of this Department, the employee shall immediately report the incident to a supervisor or directly to Internal Affairs Group. Furthermore, an employee who observes serious misconduct shall take appropriate action to cause the misconduct to immediately cease. The fact that a supervisor is present and not taking appropriate action to stop the misconduct does not relieve other employees present from this obligation.  An employee's obligation to report and prevent misconduct begins the moment the employee becomes a member of the Los Angeles Police Department. Police officers, because of their status as peace officers, have an even greater responsibility to report and prevent misconduct. Experience, rank, or tenure are not factors in knowing the difference between right and wrong, and they do not provide an excuse for failing to take appropriate action. Although supervisors are responsible for investigating allegations of misconduct, all Department employees are responsible for preventing and reporting misconduct.  The citizens of Los Angeles expect and deserve employees who possess a high degree of integrity. Any employee who is perceived, justifiably or not, to be condoning or concealing misconduct impairs the trust of the public. Employees must respect and be aware of their responsibility to freely and truthfully report all acts of misconduct and to act, if necessary, to prevent the escalation of those acts. This is essential if the Department is to maintain the trust of the public. See: http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/volume_1.htm",0,No.,0,"No. Officers allowed to fire on moving vehicle in ""exigent circumstances"" with a loophole for the policy not being intented to ""cover every situation""""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer's use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Firearms shall not be discharged from a moving vehicle, except in exigent circumstances and in the immediate defense of life. Note: It is understood that the policy in regards to discharging a firearm at or from a moving vehicle may not cover every situation that may arise. In all situations, Department members are expected to act with intelligence and exercise sound judgment, attending to the spirit of this policy. Any deviations from the provisions of this policy shall be examined rigorously on a case by case basis. The involved officer must be able to articulate clearly the reasons for the use of deadly force. Factors that may be considered include whether the officer's life or the lives of others were in immediate peril and there was no reasonable or apparent means of escape.""",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.  245.05 REPORTABLE NONCATEGORICAL USE OF FORCE INCIDENTS. Defined. A reportable use of force incident is classified, per the Consent Decree, as either Categorical or Non Categorical. Categorical uses of force are outlined in Manual Section 3/794.10. All other reportable uses of force, including the discharge of a TASER or use of a chemical irritant control device, are classified as Non-Categorical use of force incidents. Exception: Under any circumstances, the discharge of a less-lethal projectile weapon (e.g., beanbag shogun, TASER, 37mm or 40mm projectile launcher, any chemical control dispenser or Compressed Air Projectile System) that does not contact a person is not reportable as a Non-Categorical use of force. Instead, such incidents shall be reported on an Employeeђs Report, Form 15.7. A reportable Non-Categorical use of force is defined as an incident in which any on-duty Department employee, or off-duty employee whose occupation as a Department employee is a factor, uses a less-lethal control device or physical force to: _ Compel a person to comply with the employee's direction; or, _ Overcome resistance of a person during an arrest or a detention; or, _ Defend any individual from an aggressive action by another person;  The following incidents are not reportable as a Non-Categorical use of force: _ The use of a C-grip, firm grip, or joint lock to compel a person to comply with an employeeђs direction which does not result in an injury or complained of injury; _ The use of force reasonable to overcome passive resistance due to physical disability, mental illness, intoxication, or muscle rigidity of a person (e.g., use of a C-grip or firm grip, joint lock, joint lock walk down or body weight) which does not result in an injury or complained of injury; See: http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/volume4.pdf",0,"No. Does not require officers to exahust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The Department's guiding value when using force shall be reverence for human life. When warranted, Department personnel may objectively use reasonable force to carry out their duties. Officers who use unreasonable force degrade the confidence of the community we serve, expose the Department and fellow officers to legal and physical hazards, and violate the rights of individuals upon whom unreasonable force is used. Conversely, officers who fail to use force when warranted may endanger themselves, the community and fellow officers.""",1,Yes.,Unknown,3792621,0,Unknown
Minneapolis,1,"Yes. ""B.     De-escalationWhenever reasonable according to MPD policies and training, officers shall use de-escalation tactics to gain voluntary compliance and seek to avoid or minimize use of physical force. (06/01/12) (07/28/16) 1.      When safe and feasible, officers shall: a.       Attempt to slow down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options and resources are available. i.        Mitigating the immediacy of threat gives officers more time to call additional officers or specialty units and to use other resources. ii.      The number of officers on scene may make more force options available and may help reduce overall force used. b.      Consider whether a subjectђs lack of compliance is a deliberate attempt to resist or an inability to comply based on factors including, but not limited to: _         Medical conditions_         Mental impairment_         Developmental disability_         Physical limitation_         Language barrier_         Influence of drug or alcohol use_         Behavioral crisis Such consideration, when time and circumstances reasonably permit, shall then be balanced against incident facts when deciding which tactical options are the most appropriate to resolve the situation safely.""",0,"No. Chokeholds and strangleholds are authorized.  PROCEDURES/REGULATIONS II. The Conscious Neck Restraint may be used against a subject who is actively resisting. (04/16/12) The Unconscious Neck Restraint shall only be applied in the following circumstances: (04/16/12) On a subject who is exhibiting active aggression, or; For life saving purposes, or; On a subject who is exhibiting active resistance in order to gain control of the subject; and if lesser attempts at control have been or would likely be ineffective. Neck restraints shall not be used against subjects who are passively resisting as defined by policy. (04/16/12) After Care Guidelines (04/16/12) After a neck restraint or choke hold has been used on a subject, sworn MPD employees shall keep them under close observation until they are released to medical or other law enforcement personnel. An officer who has used a neck restraint or choke hold shall inform individuals accepting custody of the subject, that the technique was used on the subject.",1,"Yes.""5-303.01     DUTY TO INTERVENE (07/28/16)(A-D)A.    Sworn employees have an obligation to protect the public and other employees. B.     It shall be the duty of every sworn employee present at any scene where physical force is being applied to either stop or attempt to stop another sworn employee when force is being inappropriately applied or is no longer required.""",1,"NoA.    Threatening the Use of Force As an alternative and/or the precursor to the actual use of force, MPD officers shall consider verbally announcing their intent to use force, including displaying an authorized weapon as a threat of force, when reasonable under the circumstances. The threatened use of force shall only occur in situations that an officer reasonably believes may result in the authorized use of force. This policy shall not be construed to authorize unnecessarily harsh language. (08/17/07) (07/28/16)",0,No.,0,"No. Reports or supervisor notification not required for the following situations unless an injury or alleged injury has occurred:  5-306: _ Escort Holds _ Joint Manipulations _ Nerve Pressure Points (Touch Pressure) _ Handcuffing _ Gun drawing or pointing",0,"No. Allows force that is ""reasonable"" whether or not it is ""necessary"" or other means have been exhausted. Does not require officers to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Based on the Fourth Amendment's reasonableness standard, sworn MPD employees shall only use the amount of force that is objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances known to that employee at the time force is used. The force used shall be consistent with current MPD training.""",1,Yes.,Unknown,382578,1,2016
Nashville,0,"No. Policy doesn't require non-violent de-escalation, but rather frames using force as a de-escalation strategy. ""When the use of force is needed, if feasible, authorized employees will identify themselves and determine which options in the force continuum will best de-escalate the situation in the most safe, reasonable, and prudent manner possible.""",0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. if feasible - ""Where feasible, the employee has identified himself/herself as a police  employee and given warning such as, STOP-POLICE-I'LL-SHOOT that deadly force is about to be used unless flight ceases;   AND  D. If all other means of apprehension available to the employee under the   attendant circumstances have been exhausted.""",0,"No. ""Employees shall not discharge their firearm at or from a moving vehicle unless absolutely necessary to protect the life of the employee or others.""",0,"No. Does not require reporting of threats of force such as pointing a firearm at a civilian.Use of force incidents to be reported shall include but are not limited to: 1. Whenever an employee discharges a firearm, other than for training, or legal recreational purposes; 2. Whenever an employee takes an action that results in (or is alleged to have resulted in) injury or death of another person; 3. When force is applied through the use of less lethal weapons, CE devices, chemical spray, baton, etc.; and/or 4. Whenever an employee uses defensive or physical force other than soft empty-hand control.",1,"Yes. ""Authorized employees are permitted to use only that force which is reasonable and necessary under the particular circumstances to protect themselves or others from bodily injury, and only after other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or it is determined that such alternative action(s) would be ineffective under the circumstances.""""11.10.130 Use of Deadly Force to Effect an ArrestAuthorized employees may use deadly force to effect the arrest of afleeing felon only when:A. The employee has probable cause to believe the individual to bearrested has committed a felony involving the infliction or threatenedinfliction of serious bodily injury; ANDB. The employee has probable cause to believe that the individual to bearrested poses a threat of death or serious bodily injury, either to theemployee or to others unless immediately apprehended; ANDC. Where feasible, the employee has identified himself/herself as a policeemployee and given warning such as, STOP--POLICE--I'LLSHOOT, that deadly force is about to be used unless flight ceases;ANDD. If all other means of apprehension available to the employee under theattendant circumstances have been exhausted.""",1,Yes.,Unknown,601222,0,Unknown
Omaha,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Before using a firearm in defense of self or others or to affect an arrest or prevent an escape, police officers will give loud verbal commands, if possible.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Shots will not be fired at or from a moving vehicle except in self-defense or defense of another. Firing shots at a moving vehicle will only be done in circumstances which justify the use of deadly force and do not present an undue threat to persons in the area.""",0,No.,0,No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ,1,Yes.,Unknown,408958,0,Unknown
Raleigh,0,No.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly ban carotid restraints, but it does consider chokeholds deadly force.",1,"Yes. ""It shall be the duty of every officer of this agency to attempt to prevent any other officer from using unwarranted, reckless, or excessive force. Any officer who witnesses or has knowledge of unwarranted, reckless, or excessive force by another officer shall immediately report the incident to a supervisor or the Internal Affairs Unit.""",1,"Yes. ""If feasible, an officer will issue a verbal warning before resorting to deadly force. If there is time and opportunity to provide a verbal warning, the officer should try to identify him/herself and inform the suspect that he/she is preparing to use deadly force. A verbal warning may not be possible in split second decisions or when the officer believes that giving a verbal warning would place the officer or others in jeopardy.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Due to the risks and considering that firearms are not generally effective in bringing a moving vehicle to a rapid halt, officers shall not fire at a moving vehicle unless the officer reasonably believes:-The use or imminent use of deadly force other than the vehicle is being used against the officer or another person;-Or, there exists an imminent risk of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or another person by an on-coming vehicle and no other means are available at that time to avoid or eliminate the danger because the vehicle is driving directly toward the officer or third person and there is no avenue of escape.An officer should not intentionally position himself or herself in the path of an oncoming vehicle. Whenever possible, officers should take reasonable steps to get out of harmђs way if a vehicle is moving towards them.""",1,"Yes. ""Whenever an officer discharges a firearm or points his/her weapon at a subject. Officers who unholster their firearm and maintain it in a low ready position or at their side, in a non-threatening manner, are not required to complete a Use of Force/Complaint of Injury Report.""",1,"Yes. ""Force should be used only when all other means of resolving a situation have been exhausted or are clearly inapplicable. Force will be used only to the degree reasonably necessary to control the situation.""""Officers should use a firearm as a last resort, when other means have failed or are inapplicable.""",1,"Yes. ""Use of Force ContinuumOfficers will assess the totality of the circumstances to determine the level of force that is reasonable in each case. Officers may consider the following use of force continuum as a guide when deciding when to use force and how much force to use. A continuum of force is a tool to assist an officer in understanding force options.""",Unknown,403892,0,Unknown
Santa Ana,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If feasible, prior to using force, which carries a significant risk of serious injury, officers are recommended to give warning that such force may be used. If a warning is not feasible, officers should document why it was not practical to do so.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles when deadly force is not being used against others by means other than the vehicle if there is no alternative. ""An officer shall not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle except as the ultimatemeasure of self-defense or defense of another when the suspect is using deadly force other thanthe vehicle. When the vehicle is the deadly force, a firearm is not likely to safely stop the assault and isdiscouraged unless it reasonably appears to the officer that there are no other safe and viablealternatives available (e.g., the inability to move out of the way).""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""IV. Reporting ProceduresIt is the intent of this policy to outline the circumstances by which force is reported. All situations thatrequire the application of force to effect an arrest or restore order, shall be properly documented (officer'sreport, supervisorђs use of force investigation report, administrative report, etc.). For example, if anofficer applies a control hold to gain or maintain control of subject, and there is neither injury norcomplaint of pain, the officer shall document the use of force in his/her report.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Therefore, it is the policy of this department that officers shall use only that amount of force which appears to be objectively reasonable, given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event, to effectively bring an incident under control.""""Force used beyond that which is reasonable becomes excessive and is prohibited.""",1,Yes.,Unknown,324528,0,"Yes. - ""If you are resisted, you may repel force with force, using only such force as is necessary. """
Baltimore,1,"Yes. ""Recognizing that mental illness, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and.or drug addictions, or other health issues can cause individuals to behave erratically, members must try to de-escalate situations and minimize or avoid using force altogether, when possible, to prevent injuries to the subject, the public and the member.""""Members shall use de-escalation techniques whenever possible and appropriate, before resorting to force and to reduce the need for force. De-escalation techniques may include verbal persuasion, warnings and tacticaln de-escalation techniques, such as slowing down the pace of an incident, waiting out subjects, creating distance (and thus the reactionary gap) between the member and the threat, and requesting additional resources (e.g., specialized uniteds, mental health care providers, negotiators, etc.) to resolve the incident.""",0,"No.Bans chokeholds but not strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints). ""Choke holds are prohibited unless deadly force is authorized and no reasonable alternative exists.""",1,"Yes. ""Members have a duty to intercede to prevent the use of excessive force by another member toward any person.""",1,"Yes. ""A member may use deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing suspect if an objectively reasonable officer would belive that it is necessary and that there is probable cause to believe that: The officer has given a verbal warning to the suspect, if time, safety, and circumstances permit.""""When practical, a member should identify himself/herself as a law enforcement officer and state his/her intentino to use deadly force before using a firearm or employing deadly force.""",0,"No. Exceptions allowed. ""Members shall not fire any weapon from or at a moving vehicle, except: To counter a situation where the officer is unavoidably in the path of the vehicle and cannot move to safety. Officers should avoid positioning themselves in the path of a moving vehicle where they have no option but to use deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy includes requirement to report all uses of force including ""Pointing a firearm or CEW at an individual""",1,"Yes. ""If at all possible, officers should try to use a less deadly means, bearing in mind that deadly force should be a last resort."" (In Training Guideline Vol. 20, No. 1, Section 5.B)",1,Yes.,2016,620961,1,2016
New York,1,"Yes. ""When appropriate and consistent with personal safety, members of the service will use de-escalation techniques to safely gain voluntary compliance from a subject to reduce or eliminate the necessity to use force.""",0,"No. Bans chokeholds, does not explicitly ban strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) which do not technically put pressure on the throat or windpipe when used correctly. Use of Force Policy: Members of the New York City Police Department will NOT use chokeholds. A chokehold shall include, but is not limited to, any pressure to the throat or windpipe, which may prevent or hinder breathing or reduce intake of air.",1,"Yes.""Failure to intervene in the use of excessive force, or report excessive force, or failure to request or to ensure timely medical treatment for an individual is serious misconduct that may result in criminal and civil liability and will result in Department discipline, up to and including dismissal. If a member of the service becomes aware of the use of excessive force or failure to request or to ensure timely medical treatment for an individual, the member must report such misconduct to the Internal Affairs Bureau Command Center. This report can be made anonymously.""",0,No.,1,"Yes""Members of the service shall not discharge their firearms at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly physical force is being used against the police officer or another person present, by means other than a moving vehicle.""",0,"No. While new changes to NYPD use of force policy will require reporting of most interactions, they will not require reporting of all incidents where officers point their firearms at civilians or put somebody up against a wall as per http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/nyregion/new-york-police-will-document-virtually-all-instances-of-force.html",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""In situations in which this is not safe and/or appropriate, MOS will use only the reasonable force necessary to gain control or custody of a subject.""",1,Yes. - PG 203-12,2016,8175133,1,2016
Orlando,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""The directive also reminds officers it's their duty to intervene if they see a fellow officer inappropriately using force. """,0,No.,0,"No. ""The use of deadly force by discharging a firearm at/into moving vehicle is authorized only when:1. The member has probable cause to believe the occupant of the vehicle poses imminent danger with afirearm or fires upon a member or another person, or2. The member has probable cause to believe an occupant is using the vehicle in a manner that posesimminent danger of death or great bodily harm to the member or to any individual and there is noreasonable avenue of escape for the intended victim.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Only the amount of force necessary to protect life or to affect an arrest should be used by an officer. Excessive force will not be tolerated."" """"It is the policy of the Orlando Police Department to ensure that all employees utilizing any level of force including deadly force do so within current state law and only use the degree of force necessary to affect lawful objectives.(4.01)"" ""Reasonable amount of force, but not least amount necessary. ""An employee who must respond to resistance by using some form of force shall use objective reasonableness in determining the amount of force to use to effectively control the subject(s) during a lawful seizure or arrest.""""Deadly force when necessary OR when fleeing felon is escaping. ""An employee is justified in the use of deadly force only when he or she reasonably believes such force is necessary to prevent imminent danger of death or great bodily harm to the employee or any individual; or when the employee has probable cause to believe a subject is committing or has committed a forcible felony (as outlined in this directive) and the subjectђs actions, to include escape, pose imminent danger to any individual if apprehension is delayed.""",1,Yes.,2016,238300,1,2016
Anaheim,0,No.,0,"No. Allows strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) in situations where deadly force would not be authorized.300.3.4 CAROTID CONTROL HOLDThe proper application of the carotid control hold may be effective in restraining a violent orcombative individual. However, due to the potential for injury, the use of the carotid control holdis subject to the following:(a) The officer shall have successfully completed department-approved training in the use andapplication of the carotid control hold.(b) The carotid control hold may only be used when circumstances perceived by the officer atthe time indicate that such application reasonably appears necessary to control a person inany of the following circumstances:1. The subject is violent or physically resisting.2. The subject, by words or actions, has demonstrated an intention to be violent andreasonably appears to have the potential to harm officers, him/herself or others.",1,"Yes. ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDEAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which isreasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent theuse of such excessive force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceedsthe degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"No. ""300.4.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLESShots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path ofan approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officerreasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of thevehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers shall use only that amount of force that reasonably appears necessary given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event to accomplish a legitimate law enforcement purpose.""",1,Yes. ,2015,336265,0,2015
Arlington,1,"Yes.""Where the circumstances permit, it is the employee's responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force, including the police employee's physical presence and verbal skills, before escalating to a more severe application of force.",0,"No. Allows ""vascular neck restraint""",0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Officers will not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle except when the suspect is using deadly force against the officer or others by means other than the vehicle or when all other reasonable means of defense have failed.""",1,"Yes. ""When Written Report Required. Unless injury prevents it, before the end of the employee's shift, a Use of Force report will be submitted when an employee: (Re-numbered and Revised 06-01-93)1. takes an action that results in or is alleged to have resulted in injury or death of another person; (A 1.3.6b.)2. applies force through the use of: (Revised 06-01-93)-empty hand control; (A 1.3.6d.)-drawing a firearm in response to the presence of any subject unless the officer is acting in accordance with general maintenance, storage, or authorized training; (Added 06-18-03) (A 1.3.6d.)-pointing a firearm at any subject; (A 1.3.6d.)Љ handcuffing a person who is released without arrest; (A 1.3.6d.)Љ chemical irritant (oleoresin-capsicum spray, CS or CN gas); (A 1.3. 6c.)Љ TASER and/or the accidental discharge of a TASER; (A 1.3.6c.) (Added 06-04-04) (Revised 12-18-06)Љ impact weapon; (A 1.3.6c.)Љ Vascular Neck Restraint; (A 1. 3.6c.)Љ discharge of firearm on or off-duty (training and recreation are exempted); (Revised 11-01-97) (A 1.3.6a.)Љ diversionary device; (A 1.3.6d.)Љ apprehension by dog. (A 1.3.6d.)""",1,"Yes. ""Where the circumstances permit, it is the employee's responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force, including the police employee's physical presence and verbal skills, before escalating to a more severe application of force.""""When police personnel should reasonably perceive that the potential exists that deadlyforce may be an outcome of any situation, the employee must plan ahead and usereasonable alternatives if time and opportunities permit. ""Reasonable alternatives"" isdefined as an action that may be taken by police personnel that may allow the employeeto avoid the use of deadly force. The reasonableness of the action is based on the timeavailable, the opportunity of performing the action, and the facts apparent to theemployee before and during the incident. This includes the presence of innocent thirdpersons. Planned and supervised hazardous entry situations are recognized as meetingthe requirement of reasonable alternatives.""",1,Yes.,2015,365438,0,2015
Aurora,0,"No. Although ""the department has adopted a Less Lethal force philosophy to assist in the de-escalation of potentially violent confrontations."" These forms of force (including Taser, chemical agents, rubber bullets, baton) can be used ""as an alternative to greater force.""",0,"No. Cartoid control is authorized ""when [officers] are met with violent resistance.""",1,"Yes. ""Any peace officer who, in the pursuance of law enforcement duties, witnesses another peace officer, in the pursuance of law enforcement duties, use physical force which exceeds the degree of physical force permitted by CRS 18-1-797, must immediately notify a supervisory officer of this use of force.""",0,"No. Officers should warn before using less-lethal force, but not mentioned in association with firearms.",1,"Yes. ""Members should not discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the member or another person with deadly force bya means other than the vehicle.""",1,Yes. Officers required to report all uses of force including intentionally pointing a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force.  ""They will use such force only when there are strong and compelling reasons and only after all reasonable alternatives have been considered. Memberswill use reasonable force when force is used to accomplish lawful objectives.""",1,Yes.,2016,325078,1,2016
Austin,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",0,"No. Does not explicitly ban chokeholds or strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints).",1,"Yes. 200.1.3: 200.1.3 DUTY TO INTERCEDE Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Such officers should also promptly report these observations to a supervisor.",1,"Yes. 202.1.1: Where feasible, a warning should be given before an officer resorts to deadly force as outlined (a), (b) or (c) above. A specific warning that deadly force will be used is not required by this policy; only that a warning be given if feasible",0,"No. Can shoot at vehicle ""used as a weapon"" 202.1.3: (a) Officers shall exercise good judgment and will not place themselves in the path of a moving vehicle since doing so may increase the likelihood of having to resort to the use of deadly force. (b) Unless it reasonably appears that it would endanger officers or the public, officers will move out of the path of any approaching vehicle.  (d) This is not intended to restrict an officer's right to use deadly force directed at the operator of a vehicle when it is reasonably perceived that the vehicle is being used as a weapon against the officer or others.",0,"No. Pointing of firearms at civilians and physical force that doesn't cause injury or complaint of injury not required to be reported.",0,"No. While the policy manual's opening 'philosophy' section indicates deadly force may be required of officers in situations where other means are impractical, the department does not explicitly limit officers to using deadly force in this manner in its use of force (i.e. response to resistance) policy. Deadly Force Policy: ""200.3 DEADLY FORCE APPLICATIONSAn officer has no duty to retreat and is only justified in using deadly force against another whenand to the extent the officer reasonably believes the deadly force is immediately necessary to(Tex. Penal Code _ 9.51(c) and (e)):(a) Protect himself or others from what he reasonably believes would be an imminent threat ofdeath or serious bodily injury.(b) Make an arrest or to prevent escape after arrest when the officer has probable cause tobelieve that:1. The subject has committed or intends to commit an offense involving the infliction orthreatened infliction of serious bodily injury or death; or2. The officer reasonably believes that there is an imminent or potential risk ofserious bodily injury or death to any other person if the subject is not immediatelyapprehended.""",1,Yes.,2015,790390,0,2015
Baton Rouge,1,"Yes. Officers are required to de-escalate situations, when possible, before using force.  De-escalation strategies include disengagement, area containment, waiting out a subject, summoning reinforcements, calling in specialized units or employing other strategies. http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies",1,"Yes. Officers will not employ chokeholds or strangleholds, except in emergency circumstances where it is immediately necessary to use deadly force and the authorized weapons are inoperable, inaccessible or otherwise not available. http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies",1,Yes. Officers will be required to intervene to prevent another officer from using excessive force and to immediately report when they observe the use of excessive force by another officer. http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies,1,"Yes. Officers are required to give a verbal warning, before using deadly force, except where there are exigent circumstances. http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies",0,"No. Officers can shoot at moving vehicles when the vehicle is the only threat involved. ""Officers are prohibited from discharging a firearm at a moving vehicle unless the vehicle or the persons within the vehicle pose an immediate deadly threat to others."" http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",1,"Yes. ""Employees shall employ deadly force only in defense of their own lives or in defense of the life of another person. It is essential that the employees reasonably believes that he or some other person is in immediate and apparent danger of suffering death or great bodily harm and that the use of deadly force is the only prudent preventative measure available to him.""",1,"Yes. Types of resistance are specified, as well as a force continuum, but the policy doesn't specify a maximum level of force that can be used for each type of resistance.",2017,229493,1,2017
Chandler,1,"Yes. ""When practical, use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, andother tactics/alternatives to higher levels of force in interactions withsubjectsb. EXAMPLE: Withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure orallows greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater varietyof force options""",0,No. Doesn't ban chokeholds and allows carotid restraints.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""WHEN FEASIBLE, PRECEDE ANY USE OF DEADLY FORCE BY A VERBALWARNING that force will be used if the suspect will not comply. Thewarning is unnecessary if it will endanger an officer or take away atactical advantage. The officer employing force need not be the officergiving the warning.""",0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""USE DEADLY FORCE ONLY WHEN:a. You reasonably believe it is necessary to defend yourself or another person from what you reasonably believe to be the use of, or imminent use of, deadly physical force committing or is attempting to commit a felony involving the use or threatened use of deadly force, and if the person is likely to endangerhuman life or inflict serious bodily injury to another unless apprehended without delay""",1,Yes.,2015,236123,0,2015
Charlotte,0,No.,0,"No. Bans chokeholds except in deadly force situations, but does not ban strangleholds/carotid restraints which restrict bloodflow but not the a person's airway. ""Warning shots; equipment: blackjacks, brass knuckles, ammunition other than department issued for departmental weapons (Equipment, 400-003); force can't be used in collection of arrest DNA samples (500-002); ""Officers will not use the following tactics unless deadly force is reasonably necessary: 1. Any hold with or without a device that restricts a person's airway. 2. Any strike with an impact weapon or object to a person's head or neck. 3. Any other tactic that is reasonably likely to result in death or serious injury unless deadly force was reasonably necessary."" (Use of Less Lethal Force, 600-019)""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If feasible, an officer will identify him or herself as a police officer and issue a verbal warning before using deadly force. A verbal warning is not required in a split second situation or if the officer reasonably believes that issuing the warning would place the safety of the officer or another person in jeopardy.""",0,"No. Prohibited, ""unless deadly force is being used against the officer or another person and the officer reasonably believes that no other option is reasonably available. Discharging a firearm in this circumstance is never authorized when it is reasonable to believe that the vehicle may contain an innocent passenger or it is reasonably apparent that the vehicle may careen out of control and injure an innocent bystander. When confronted with an oncoming vehicle, an officer will not position him or herself into the path of the vehicle, but will take all reasonable steps to move out of the way.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not one of the forms of physical force required to be reported. ""Any officer who uses deadly force, or witnesses another officer use deadly force, will immediately contact his or her supervisor."" (Use of Deadly Force, 600-018). Also, ""[o]fficers who use force on a subject will contact their supervisor immediately...An IACMS investigation is also required when no apparent use of force has occurred, but a subject has sustained visible injuries while fleeing from police or while in custody. These injuries are categorized as No Force Subject Injury (NFSI) investigations in the IACMS. Examples include: a. A subject fleeing from arrest and injures himself; b. A subject injures himself in any manner while handcuffed or in police custody."" (Use of Less Lethal Force, 600-019)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""CMPD recognizes and respects the integrity and paramount value of human life. Consistent with this primary value is the Department's full commitment to only use force when it is reasonably necessary. In determining whether force is reasonably necessary, it must be taken into full consideration that officers may be forced to make split-second judgments incircumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving about the amount of forcenecessary in a particular situation.""""Officers will use only the amount of force that is objectively reasonable and necessaryunder the circumstances.""",1,"Yes. - Use of Force Continuum, 600-020",2015,731424,0,2015
Cincinnati,1,"Yes. ""When officers are confronted with a situation where control is required to effect an arrest or protect the publicђs safety, officers should attempt to achieve control through advice, warnings, and persuasion. The suspect should be allowed to submit to arrest before force is used unless this causes unnecessary danger to the officer or others. When officers have a right to make an arrest, they may use whatever force is reasonably necessary to apprehend the offender or effect the arrest and no more. Just as officers must be prepared to respond appropriately to rising levels of resistance, they must likewise be prepared to promptly de-escalate the use of force as the subject de-escalates or comes under police control.""",0,"No. Bans chokeholds but does not explicitly ban carotid restraints.""The courts could consider a choke hold or other similar type holds as deadly force. Choke holds are prohibited unless a situation arises where the use of deadly force is permissible under existing law and Department policy. The use of any type choke hold to prevent the swallowing of evidence is prohibited.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If possible, the officer will give verbal warning before using the firearm""",1,"Yes. ""Moving Vehicles: Officers shall not discharge their firearms at a moving vehicle or its occupants unless the occupants are using deadly physical force against the officer or another person present, by means other than the vehicle.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Respect for human life requires that police officers exhaust all other reasonable means before resorting to the use of firearms and then only when an officer reasonably believes that such use of firearms is necessary to protect the officer or another from the risk of serious physical harm or loss of life.""",1,Yes.,2015,296943,0,2015
Dallas,1,"Yes. ""Where there is no apparent need to take a suspect into immediate physical custody, officers should utilize tacticsdesigned to de-escalate the situation and facilitate a safer resolution whenever reasonably possible. The use ofdelaying tactics in order to obtain more favorable physical cover and additional officer presence is encouraged, aslong as the safety of the officer, citizens, and subject is not compromised in doing so.""",0,"No. No explicit ban on chokeholds and strangleholds (including Lateral Vascular Neck Restraints) mentioned in use of force policy or general orders. Policy does ban knuckles, slappers, blackjacks, using flashlights as weapons or self-defense tools, use of deadly force to protect property, warning shots.",0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles when deadly force is not being used against others by means other than the vehicle in some cases. ""Discharging Firearms at Moving Vehicles -1. Discharging firearms at a moving or fleeing vehicle is prohibited unless it is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily injury to the officer or another person.2. Officers will not voluntarily place themselves in a position in front of an oncoming vehicle where deadly force is a probable outcome.3. When confronting an oncoming vehicle, officers will move out of its path, if possible, rather than fire at the vehicle.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Deadly force will be used with great restraint and as a last resort only when the level of resistance warrants the use of deadly force.""""At the point when an officer should reasonably perceive the potential exists that deadly force may be an outcome of any situation, the officer must use reasonable alternatives if time and opportunities permit. The reasonableness of the action is based upon the time available, the opportunity of performing the action, and the facts apparent to the officer prior to and during the incident.""",1,Yes.,2015,1197816,0,2015
Durham,1,"Yes. ""The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective.""",0,"No. Bans chokeholds but not carotid restraints. ""Chokeholds are considered a use of deadly physical force. Officers of this department are not trainedin the use of chokeholds and therefore, are prohibited from utilizing.""",0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Firing at moving vehicles is prohibited except in those situations where the immediate probability of serious injury or death exists for the officer(s) and/or an innocent third party. Officers must reasonably believe that the only means of protecting themselves or a third party in this situation is the use of deadly force.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""A police officer will never employ unnecessary force or violence and will use only such force in the discharge of duty as is reasonable in all circumstances.""""Officers are justified in using deadly physical force upon another person when it is or appears to be reasonably necessary thereby:-To defend themselves or a third person from what the officer reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deathly physical force;-To effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody of a person whom they reasonably believe is attempting to escape by means of a deadly weapon, or by their conduct or any other means indicates that they present an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to others unless apprehended without delay.""",1,Yes.,2015,228330,0,2015
Fort Wayne,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Before using a firearm, police officers shall identify themselves and state their intent to shoot, when tactically feasible.""",1,"Yes. ""Police officers shall not fire their weapons at or from a moving vehicle.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""Any officer either on or off duty, that discharges a firearms either accidentally or intentionally, other than at a firearms range or sporting activity shall make a Firearms Discharge Report.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Therefore, it is the policy of this department that police officers shall use only that force which appears reasonably necessary to effectively bring an incident under control, while protecting the lives of the officer or another. Only that amount of force necessary to overcome the resistance being offered shall be used .""",1,Yes.,2015,253691,0,2015
Greensboro,1,"Yes. ""The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective.""",0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""This Statute allows that officers are justified in using force upon another person:-When the officer reasonably believes the force is necessary.-And to the extent the officer reasonably believes the force is necessary.Officers may use this reasonable force to:-Prevent the escape, or effect the arrest of, a person whom the officer reasonably believes hascommitted a criminal offense. This provision does not apply to any arrest which the officerknows to be unauthorized.-Defend himself, or other person, from what the officer reasonably believes is the use, orimminent use of, physical force. This provision applies to situations where an officer iseffecting or attempting to effect an arrest, or while the officer is preventing or attempting toprevent an escape.Officers will rely on the standards as set forth in N.C.G.S. 15A-401(d)(2) to determine if the use ofdeadly force is appropriate. N.C.G.S. 15A-401(d)(2)(a and b) allows that officers are justified inusing deadly force upon another person when the officer reasonably believes deadly force isnecessary:Љ To defend the officer, or another person, from what the officer reasonably believes to be theuse or imminent use of deadly physical force.Љ To effect the arrest, or prevent the escape from custody of, a person whom the officerreasonably believes is attempting to escape by means of a deadly weapon.Љ To effect the arrest, or prevent the escape from custody of, a person whom the officerreasonably believes presents an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to othersunless apprehended without delay.""",0,No. Displays weapons and resistance levels but there's no indication of which weapons to use to respond to which force levels.,2015,269666,0,2015
Henderson,1,"Yes. ""When reasonable, based on the totality of circumstances, officers shall use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and recognize that an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options. In the spirit of using verbal commands as a reasonable force option in an attempt to de-escalate or defuse a situation, occasional aggressive language could be deemed reasonable if needed and that language is used in context to control a situation.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Any officer that is a witness to another officer using force that may be excessive, unnecessary or is clearly beyond the force that is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when safe and in the position to do so, intervene to prevent the use of that force. A sworn police officer who witnesses such force, that he/she knows by training and experience to be excessive or unnecessary, by another officer should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",0,No.,0,"No. ""An Officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes that he/she, another officer or any other person is in imminent danger due to the facts and circumstances known to the officer, and there are no other reasonable means available to stop the deadly threat of the driver/vehicle or if the occupants of that vehicle pose a deadly threat to officers or others.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""In consideration of employing deadly force utilizing the calculus for Objective Reasonableness, members may use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon ONLY when every other reasonable means of effecting the arrest or preventing the escape has been exhausted AND,-The suspect fleeing poses an immediate threat of death or serious bodily harm to the member or others; OR-There is probable cause to believe the crime committed or attempted was a violent felony, which involved an actual or threatened attack which could result in death or serious bodily harm; AND-There is probable cause to believe the person fleeing committed or attempted to commit the crime, AND-Failure to immediately apprehend the person places a member or the public in immediate danger of death or serious bodily injury; AND_ The lives of innocent persons will not be endangered if deadly force is used.Additionally, in the Detention Center, use of non-deadly force is justifiable to protect property, control offenders and to do involuntary Blood Draws by a nurse for DUI's when required by state law.""",1,"Yes. D.T.I. ""Range of Response""",2015,257729,0,2015
Honolulu,1,"Yes. ""Officers shall, when practicable, give voice directions to elicit voluntary compliance before, during, and after any use of force.""",0,"No. Officers are authorized to use...the vascular neck restraint only after successfully completing the department-approved training.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Officers shall, when practicable, give voice directions to elicit voluntary compliance before, during, and after any use of force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. Prohibits shooting ""unless the operator and/or occupant(s) of the vehicle pose an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury and/or are attempting to use deadly force against the officer or other(s).""",0,No.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Police officers may use reasonable force to effectively bring an  incident under control, while protecting the lives of officers and others.""",1,Yes. - 7 levels of resistance; 8 levels of control,2015,337256,0,2015
Irving,0,No.,0,"No. Bans chokeholds but not carotid restraints. ""When objectively reasonable, officers are authorized to use the Lateral VascularNeck Restraint.""",0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""The use of a firearm at or from a moving vehicle is authorized if the officer reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect his life or the life of another.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""It is the policy of this agency that officers use only the force that is objectively reasonable to effectively bring an incident under control while protecting officers and others.""",0,"No. While weapons are defined, the circumstances under which they can be used are not defined beyond when ""objectively reasonable.""",2015,216290,0,2015
Lincoln,1,"Yes. ""Officers are expected to use de-escalation strategies, when possible, in order to minimize the need for the use of control techniques.""",0,"No. No explicit ban on chokeholds, strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) authorized as low to intermediate level use of force. F. Lateral Vascular Neck RestraintФ: There are three levels to applying the LVNRФ. Level One begins with Low Level Force and may progress to the Intermediate based on the subjectђs actions. Level of Control: Low Level Force -- LVNRФ Level One (minimum restraint) Intermediate Force -- LVNRФ Level Two (medium restraint) LVNRФ Level Three (maximum restraint)",0,No.,1,Yes.,0,"No. ""Officers shall not shoot at or into motor vehicles except in cases where the officers have no other reasonable alternative to protect their lives or the lives of other human beings.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Officers will use only that force which is reasonable and necessary under the circumstances as they know them to be. Officers may use lethal force only when the officer reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the officer's own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious bodily harm. In no case shall an officer discharge a firearm until all other reasonable means have been exhausted or would be clearly ineffective.""",1,Yes.,2015,258379,0,2015
Louisville,1,"Yes. ""Officers are sometimes confronted with situations where control must be exercised to affect arrests and to protect public safety. Control may be achieved through advice, persuasion, warnings or by the use of physical force. While the use of reasonable physical force may be necessary in situations that cannot be otherwise controlled, force may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or would reasonably be ineffective under the particular circumstances (KACP 1.3a).""",0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If feasible, verbal warnings shall be given before the use of deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Officers shall not shoot from, or at, a moving vehicle, unless it is necessary to return gunfire to protect humanlife and when it does not create an unreasonable risk of harm to innocent persons.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Officers are sometimes confronted with situations where control must be exercised to affect arrests and to protect public safety. Control may be achieved through advice, persuasion, warnings or by the use of physical force. While the use of reasonable physical force may be necessary in situations that cannot be otherwise controlled, force may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or would reasonably be ineffective under the particular circumstances (KACP 1.3a)."" ""Deadly force, as with all uses of force, may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted, would clearly be ineffective or exigent circumstances exist.""",1,Yes.,2015,597337,0,2015
Madison,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""The intentional punching, striking, or grabbing the throat (trachea) or blocking or restricting the carotid neck arteries creates a substantial likelihood of death or great bodily harm and is therefore considered deadly force and shall be used only in accordance with this policy.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Before using deadly force, officer shall, if reasonably possible, identify themselves and order the suspect to desist from unlawful activity.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Deadly force is never authorized at a moving vehicle unless an officer has reasonable cause to believe that one's self or another is in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm or Deadly Force Authorized regarding certain felons applies.""",0,"No. ""Recordable Force excludes: handcuffing, point of firearms at Subject(s)/Suspect(s).""",1,"Yes. ""It is the procedure of this department that deadly force will never be resorted to unless an officer reasonably believes that a lesserdegree of force would be insufficient to defend the life of another, one's self, or in limited situations, to apprehend a dangerous felon, or control an animal.""",1,Yes.,2015,233209,0,2015
Miami,0,"No. De-escalation is only required after a suspect has complied, not in the process of responding to a situation/achieving compliance. ""As soon as the point of subject compliance is reached, the officer must de-escalate his/her response level to the minimum force necessary to control the subject...It must be remembered that by law, an officer need not retreat in his/her efforts to lawfully control a subject , but may utilize the amount of force necessary to accomplish his/her task. This is not to say that a tactical retreat in the face of overwhelming odds may not be a wise choice .""",1,"Yes. ""Police Officers are prohibited from utilizing the Lateral Vascular Neck Restraint (LVNR), chokehold , neck hold, and/or any other restraint that restricts free movement of the neck or head.""",1,"Yes. ""Officers are required to maintain control or intervene if the use of force against a subject clearly becomes excessive . Failure to do so may result in both criminal and civil liability. EXCESSIVE FORCE WILL NOT BE TOLERATED .""",1,"Yes. Where feasible, and consistent with personal safety, some warning, such as POLICE-DON'T-MOVE should be given.",1,"Yes. Police Officers are prohibited from discharging their firearms at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the police officer or another person present, by means other than the moving vehicle.",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. - ""Use of Force Generally- ""Minimum Necessary Force"": It is the policy of the Miami Police Department that officers shall use only the minimum amount of force that is necessary to effect an arrest, apprehension, or physically control a violent or resisting person...If appropriate, officers should employ non-lethal alternatives prior to utilizing deadly force...Police Officers shall not unreasonably place themselves in a position where a threat of imminent danger of death or serious physical injury is created when attempting to approach , pursue, and/or stop a motor vehicle or armed subject.""",1,"Yes. - The level of force used should be consistent with the subjectђs level of resistance and in accordance with the Use of Force Matrix handout provided in Departmental Order 6, Chapter 21.4.1.1.",2015,399457,0,2015
Milwaukee,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""460.20 DUTY TO INTERVENEAny officer who personally observes another officer using force, which the observing officer believes to be beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances, shall reasonably attempt to intervene to prevent the use of such excessive force, if the observing officer is in a position to do so, and if any such intervention does not jeopardize safety. Any such intervening officer shall promptly report their observations, along with his/her own intervening actions to a supervisor. A failure to intervene in any unreasonable use of force, when there is an opportunity to do so, demonstrates a lack of courage, and a violation of the Code of Conduct.""",1,"Yes. ""When feasible, a verbal warning should be given prior to the use of force likely to cause great bodily harm or death.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle.  ""A police member shall not discharge a firearm at the driver or occupant(s) of a moving vehicle, or the vehicle itself, unless deadly physical force is being used against the police member or another person by means other than a moving vehicle, or, the moving vehicle poses an imminent and ongoing threat of substantial physical harm to the police member or another person from which there is no reasonable means to escape, and the risks are outweighed by the need to use deadly physical force. Once the threat of the moving vehicle ceases, a police member shall not discharge his or her firearm at the vehicle.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""1. The Use of Force Report shall be completed by a supervisory officer when a department member: Discharges a firearm except in a training situation or for lawful recreational purposes. Uses a baton in the line of duty. Discharges an irritant, chemical, or inflammatory agent. Deploys an electronic control device, to include non-contact spark display, contact stun and probe deployment. However, non-contact spark display used as a test of functionality does not require the filing of a report. Department canine bites a person. Forcible blood draws requiring use of force to obtain a sample where a subject claims injury or is injured as a result of police action. Uses bodily force that involves focused strikes, diffused strikes, or decentralizations to the ground. Uses any type of force in which a person is injured or claims injury, whether or not the injury is immediately visible."" p. 5",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Police members shall use only the force necessary to effectively maintain control of a situation and protect the safety of police members and the public.""",1,Yes.,2015,594833,0,2015
New Orleans,1,"Yes. ""PR300.1 USE OF FORCE PRINCIPLESUse of force by NOPD officers, regardless of the type of force or weapon used, shall abideby the following requirements:(a) Officers shall use advisements, warnings, and verbal persuasion, when possible,before resorting to force.(b) Force shall be de-escalated immediately as resistance decreases.(c) When feasible based on the circumstances, officers will use disengagement; areacontainment; surveillance; waiting out a subject; summoning reinforcements; and/orcalling in specialized units, in order to reduce the need for force and increase officerand civilian safety.(d) Officers shall allow individuals time to submit to arrest before force is used whereverpossible""""The decision to resort to force to accomplish a lawful police objective must be reasonable.Officers shall use advisements, warnings, and verbal persuasion, when possible, beforeresorting to force.""",1,"Yes. ""Neck hold - Any of the following types of holds:-Arm-bar control hold, a hold that inhibits breathing by compression of the airway in the neck-Carotid restraint hold, a hold that inhibits blood flow by compression of the blood vessels in the neck-Lateral vascular neck constraint-A hold with a knee or other object to the back of a prone subject's neck.A neck hold shall be considered lethal force.""",1,"Yes. ""300.3 DUTY TO INTERCEDE AND REPORTAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond thatwhich is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position todo so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observesanother employee use any use of force incident shall promptly report these observationsto a supervisor, and officers observing a level 2, 3 or 4 use of force shall write a ForceStatement before the end of shift, which shall be included in the Use of Force Report.""",0,"No. No requirement to issue a warning before using deadly force, specifically.",1,"Yes. ""300.5.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLESShots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers shall not discharge afirearm from a moving vehicle or at a moving vehicle unless the occupants of the vehicle areusing deadly force, other than the vehicle itself, against the officer or another person, andsuch action is necessary for self defense or to protect the other person; shall not intentionallyplace themselves in the path of, or reach inside, a moving vehicle; and, where possible,shall attempt to move out of the path of a moving vehicle before discharging their weapon.Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",1,"Yes. ""(i) Un-holstering a firearm and pointing it at a person constitutes a use of force, and shall accordingly be done only as objectively reasonable to accomplish a lawful police objective.""""PR300.4 LEVELS OF FORCEForce options are grouped in the following four (4) force levels for reporting and investigating purposes only:PR300.4.1 LEVEL 1Level-1 uses of force include pointing a firearm at a person and hand control or escorttechniques (e.g., elbow grip, wrist grip, or shoulder grip) applied as pressure pointcompliance techniques or that result in injury or complaint of injury.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers shall use only that amount of force that reasonably appears necessary given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event to accomplish a legitimate law enforcement purpose.""""The degree of force used must be reasonable, and necessary, and in a manner that avoids unnecessary injury to officers and civilians. The officer may only use enough force to overcome the amount of resistance or aggression met. When such resistance or aggression is reduced, the officer must correspondingly and immediately reduce the degree of force he/she is applying, or the use of force is NOT legal.""",1,Yes.,2015,343829,0,2015
Plano,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Employees of the Department are prohibited from using neck restraints unless the use of lethal force is justified by Department policy.""",0,"No. Duty to report but not intervene. ""While the use of force is occasionally unavoidable, employees will not inflict unnecessary pain or suffering on any person; nor will an employee engage in agitating, degrading, or inhuman treatment. Any employee that witnesses such behavior is obligated to report the behavior to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""a verbal warning, where practical, was given to the escapee""",0,"No. Allows exceptions. ""At moving vehicles. Exception: As a last resort and only when deadly force is justifiedby Department policy""",1,"Yes. ""2. A Use of Force Report shall be completed in the following circumstances:a. When using any degree of force or physical restraint which, by the nature of its use, causes, or has the likelihood to cause bodily injury, serious bodily injury, or death.b. When an employee purposely strikes a person either with personal weapons or impact weapons.c. When an employee uses OC Spray or a chemical agent.d. When a Police Officer points or uses a TASER.e. When a Police Officer points or uses the SAGE Launcher.f. When a Police Officer presents his firearm in the _ready” or _on-threat” position in thepresence of a suspect or the public within the scope of their law enforcement authority.g. When a Police Officer presents his firearm in the _un-holstered/safety circle,” _ready,” or_on-threat” position while not in uniform or _approved departmental attire” but in thepresence of a suspect or the public. _Approved department attire” is defined in thissection as a shirt, vest, or jacket that is designed to clearly identify the wearer as a policeofficer by the word _POLICE” being prominently visible on the front and back.h. When a Police Officer discharges a firearm in his/her law enforcement authority, for otherthan training or recreational purposes.i. When a Police Officer causes bodily injury to a person.j. When a person complains of bodily injury resulting from any type of police actioninvolving a physical confrontation.k. When a Police Officer threatens a person with deadly force. Merely placing a hand onthe firearm does not require a Use of Force Report.l. When a canine is used to physically subdue a person.m. In the event of an ESU response.n. When a prisoner is restrained in the Restraint Chair.o. For any reason not listed above, that a supervisor deems necessary, a review should bedone.""",1,"Yes. ""Police Officers are permitted to discharge a firearm only under the following circumstances:At another person to effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody a person whothe Police Officer has probable cause to believe committed a felony involving the use of adeadly weapon, and(1) the person is attempting to escape by using a deadly weapon, or the personotherwise poses an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to anotherperson; and(2) the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the escape and all other means ofapprehension have been exhausted or would obviously be unsuccessful if attempted;and(3) a verbal warning, where practical, was given to the escapee""",1,Yes.,2015,259841,0,2015
Rochester,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Discharge of a firearm from or at a moving vehicle is prohibited unless the member reasonably believes that the occupant(s) of the vehicle are using or are about to use deadly physical force against the member or another person. Therefore, shooting at a fleeing vehicle that is traveling away from the member and is no longer a threat to the member or a third person is prohibited.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Members of the Rochester Police Department (RPD) may use deadly physical force, as defined by Article 10 of the New York State PenalLaw, only when the use of deadly physical force is necessary to defend the member or another person from what the member reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force.""",1,Yes.,2015,210565,0,2015
San Francisco,1,"Yes. ""Department Bulletin 13-120 requires officers to create time, distance, and establish a rapport with people in crisis who: are only a danger to themselves. Officers should consider creating time, distance, and establishing a rapport as an.alternative to using force in every other circumstance; whenever it would be safe to do so. """,0,"No. Does not limit strangleholds to situations where deadly force would be authorized or ban these altogether. H.4.A: Choking by means of pressure on the subject's trachea is a prohibited practice. B. Rendering a subject unconscious by applying pressure to the carotid  artery is permissible only when lesser types of restraint would be  ineffective (see Section L, J.).",0,No. No explicit requirement to report or intervene when witnessing excessive force.,1,"Yes Use of Firearms 3.C: 3. VERBAL WARNING. If feasible, and if to do so would not increase the danger to the officer or others, a verbal warning to submit to the authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of deadly force.",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 5.c.2: Officers can shoot at person in moving vehicle - ""If the operator of the moving vehicle is threatening the officer with imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury by means of the vehicle, and the officer has no reasonable and apparent way to retreat or .otherwise move to a place of safety.""",1,"Yes Use of Firearms Section D: While the original policy states that officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges, as of December 11 a new department policy has made pointing firearm now a reportable use of force http://sf-police.org/index.aspx?recordid=1411&page=3763",0,No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ,1,Yes.,2015,805235,1,2016
Seattle,1,"Yes. 8.100 - DE-ESCALATION Effective Date: 09/01/2015 1. When Safe under the Totality of the Circumstances and Time and Circumstances Permit, Officers Shall Use De-Escalation Tactics in Order to Reduce the Need for Force De-escalation tactics and techniques are actions used by officers, when safe and without compromising law enforcement priorities, that seek to minimize the likelihood of the need to use force during an incident and increase the likelihood of voluntary compliance. (See Section 8.050.) When safe and feasible under the totality of circumstances, officers shall attempt to slow down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options and resources are available for incident resolution. When time and circumstances reasonably permit, officers shall consider whether a subject's lack of compliance is a deliberate attempt to resist or an inability to comply based on factors including, but not limited to:  * Medical conditions  * Mental impairment * Developmental disability * Physical limitation * Language barrier * Drug interaction * Behavioral crisis An officer's awareness of these possibilities, when time and circumstances reasonably permit, shall then be balanced against the facts of the incident facing the officer when deciding which tactical options are the most appropriate to bring the situation to a safe resolution.",1,"Yes. Bans chokeholds and strangleholds, except for cases when deadly force is authorized. 8.050 - USE OF FORCE DEFINITIONS Neck and carotid restraints may only be used when deadly force is authorized.",1,"Yes. 5.002.6: Employees Must Otherwise Report Misconduct Employees must report both any conduct that a reasonable officer would believe is misconduct and any allegations of misconduct brought to their attention that fall outside those areas listed in above to a supervisor or directly to OPA. This reporting requirement also applies to allegations of uses of force that have not yet been reported. Employees, who witness or become aware of misconduct or a complaint of misconduct, shall take action to prevent aggravation of the incident or the loss of evidence that could prove or disprove misconduct. All employees observing dangerous or criminal misconduct or abuse shall intervene to stop it. http://www.seattle.gov/police-manual/title-5---employee-conduct/5002---responsibilities-of-employees-concerning-complaints-of-possible-misconduct",1,"Yes. ""The officer has given a verbal warning to the suspect, if time, safety, and circumstances permit.""",0,"No. Officers allowed to shoot at moving vehicles without seperate deadly threat on case by case basis. 8300.8. Officers Shall Not Fire at or From a Moving Vehicle Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer's use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall, if feasible, move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Officers shall not discharge a firearm from a moving vehicle unless a person is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force. Note: It is understood that the policy in regards to discharging a firearm at or from a moving vehicle may not cover every situation that may arise. In all situations, Department members are expected to act with intelligence and exercise sound judgment, attending to the spirit of this policy and to the Departmentђs use-of-force principles. Any deviations from the provisions of this policy shall be examined rigorously on a case-by-case basis. The involved officers must be able to articulate clearly the reasons for the use of deadly force.",1,"Yes. 8300.9. Pointing a Firearm at a Person is Type I Reportable Force Officers shall document all incidents where they point a firearm at a person. See Section 8.400. 8400.1. Officers Shall Report All Uses of Force Except De Minimis Force",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""4. Use of Deadly ForceDeadly force may only be used in circumstances where threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others is imminent. A danger is imminent when an objectively reasonable officer would believe that:* A suspect is acting or threatening to cause death or serious physical injury to the officer or others, and* The suspect has the means or instrumentalities to do so, and* The suspect has the opportunity and ability to use the means or instrumentalities to cause death or serious physical injurySee also Section 8.050 _ Deadly Force5. Deadly Force May Be Used to Prevent the Escape of a Fleeing Suspect Only When an Objectively Reasonable Officer Would Believe That it Is Necessary and That There is Probable Cause That:* The suspect has committed or is in the process of committing a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury or death; and* The escape of the suspect would pose an imminent danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another person unless the suspect is apprehended without delay; and* The officer has given a verbal warning to the suspect, if time, safety, and circumstances permit.""",1,Yes.,2015,608660,0,2015
Stockton,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a firearm at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Department members may use reasonable force to make an arrest, prevent an escape, or overcome resistance. The type and degree of force used will be reasonable, based upon the facts of the situation. Only that force reasonable for the crime involved will be used.""",0,No.,2015,291707,0,2015
Toledo,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes, per 7.2.1.c."" IF FEASIBLE, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""The discharging of a firearm at a moving motor vehicle is prohibited, unless other alternatives are impractical, or would rpresent a greater risk to the officer, or to others.""",0,"No, ""pointing a firearm"" is not mentioned, and the starting point for the continuum of physical control techniques is unclear. (""Balance displacement,"" for example.",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An officer may use deadly force, only when the officer reasonably believes that the action is in the defense of human life, including the officer's own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious physical injury.""",1,Yes.,2015,287208,0,2015
Albuquerque,1,"Yes. ""When circumstances allow, in their interaction with subjects, officers should use advisements, warning, verbal persuasion, and other tactics in an atempt to resolve the incident."" O.5. And ""Officers are expected to recognize their approach to citizen interactions may influence whether a situation escalates to the need to use force.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such force.""",1,"Yes. Warning ""should be given when feasible""",1,"Yes. ""When the only means of assault on an officer is by motor vehicle, officers: should not fire upon the vehicle but must place themselves in the most tactically safe position possible; shall not knowingly place themselves into the path of a moving vehicle or into the likely path of a moving vehicle that is currently stopped but still under the immediate control of the driver; shall not purposely place themselves in the path of a fleeing/aggressively driven vehicle to justify the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. ""All officers will notify an on-duty supervisor as soon as practical when a use of force incident occurs."" ""A full Administrative Review and Use of Force Reporting Form is always required under the following criteria: the subject complains of injury as a result of the use of force; the subject sustains actual injury; any involved officers uses tools other tham empty hand techniques during the use of force - Shows of forces do not apply to this language""",0,"No. ""Officers need not exhaust lesser options of force in order to use deadly force."" p. 6",1,Yes.,2014,545852,0,2014
Bakersfield,0,No.,0,"No. Doesn't ban chokeholds, but limits carotid restraints to situations where deadly force would be authorized. ""300.2.5 CAROTID RESTRAINTThe proper application of the carotid restraint hold by a trained officer may be effective in restraining a violent individual...The carotid restraint hold may only be used when the officer reasonably believes that the application of the hold appears necessary to prevent serious injury or death to an officer or other person(s).""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""It is the policy of this department that officers shall use only that amount of force that reasonably appears necessary, given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event, to effectively bring an incident under control.""",0,No.,2014,347483,0,2014
Chula Vista,0,"No. ""While the ultimate objective of every law enforcement encounter is to avoid or minimize injury, nothing in this policy requires an officer to retreat or be exposed to possible physical injury before applying reasonable force.""",0,"No. ""300.5.4 CAROTID CONTROL HOLDThe proper application of the carotid control hold may be effective in restraining a violent orcombative individual. However, due to the potential for injury, the use of the carotid control holdis subject to the following:(a) The officer shall have successfully completed department-approved training in the use andapplication of the carotid control hold.(b) The carotid control hold may only be used when circumstances perceived by the officer atthe time indicate that such application reasonably appears necessary to control a person inany of the following circumstances:1. The subject is violent or physically resisting.2. The subject, by words or actions, has demonstrated an intention to be violent andreasonably appears to have the potential to harm officers, him/herself or others.(c) The application of a carotid control hold on the following individuals should generallybe avoided unless the totality of the circumstances indicates that other available optionsreasonably appear ineffective, or would present a greater danger to the officer, the subject orothers, and the officer reasonably believes that the need to control the individual outweighsthe risk of applying a carotid control hold:1. Females who are known to be pregnant2. Elderly individuals3. Obvious juveniles""",1,"Yes. ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDEAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that whichis objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercedeto prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use forcethat exceeds the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations toa supervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""An officer may use deadly force to stop a fleeing subject when the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury or death, and the officer reasonably believes that there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to any other person if the subject is not immediately apprehended. Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles when deadly force is not being used against others by means other than the vehicle if it's a last resort. ""300.6.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLESShots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path ofan approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officerreasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of thevehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers shall use only that amount of force that reasonably appears necessary given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event to accomplish a legitimate law enforcement purpose.""""An officer may use deadly force to stop a fleeing subject when the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury or death, and the officer reasonably believes that there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to any other person if the subject is not immediately apprehended. Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,No.,2014,243916,0,2014
Cleveland,1,"Yes. ""Members shall factor into their response their ability to deescalate the use of force...If reasonably able to do so, the member shall intervene physically to deescalate the application of force."" p. 4; ""Members shall first attempt verbal persuasion tactics and warnings to gain the person's cooperation. If verbal persuasion and warnings do not gain compliance, members shall obtain assistance to gain the person's cooperation through a show of force. If a show of force does not gain compliance, the member shall use physical holds..Members shall consider alternative tactics to the use of force, which include, but are not limited to...Voice commands and other verbal attempts to deescalate the situation."" p. 4-5.",1,"Yes. Considers as deadly force ""any action that restricts the blood or oxygen flow through the neck.""",1,"Yes. ""Members of the Division of Police have a duty to act if the use of force against a person by any law enforcement officer clearly becomes excessive or objectively unreasonable...The member shall...report witnessed suspected excessive use of force to the next non-involved supervisor in their chain of command before reporting off duty."" (p. 3-4)",0,"No. Policy states ""officers shall consider"" verbal commands prior to using force, but no requirement to do so when possible.",1,"Yes. ""Officers shall not discharge any firearm at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the police officer or another person present by means other than the moving vehicle.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly include drawing a firearm as a ""failed attempt at force"" which would require it to be reported. ""When force is used, whether or not an injury occurs (whether on-duty, off- duty, or secondary employment) members shall promptly request a supervisor to respond to the scene."" (p. 8) ""Failed attempts at force, such as the missed thrust of a punch, the missed swing of an ASP, or a failed takedown attempt, also need to be documented in the ULLF report as they are indicative of the officerђs intentions."" (p. 9)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Deadly force shall not be used to effect an arrest or prevent the escape of a person unless that person presents an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to members or others.""",1,Yes. (p. 3),2014,396815,0,2014
Columbus,0,No.,1,"Yes. Bans chokeholds and carotid restraints unless in deadly force situation: ""However, during a situation involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, the use of an untrained response (e.g., neck restraints), while not normally authorized, may be reasonable to end the threat and survive the encounter.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If reasonable, sworn personnel should give a verbal warning of the intention to use deadly force.""",0,"No. ""Sworn personnel may only fire a weapon at the driver or occupant of a moving vehicle when there is an articulable, reasonable belief that the subject poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to himself, herself, or others.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers can use reasonabe amount of force, whether it is necessary or not and whether or not other reasonable means have been exhausted. ""Police officers shall not use more force than is reasonable in a particular incident""",1,Yes.,2014,787033,0,2014
Corpus Christi,1,"Yes. Requires officers to try verbal pursuasion before resorting to force. ""It is the officers responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force necessary:(a) Professional Presence- Entering a scene(b) Verbal Communications- Dialogue(c) Weaponless Strategies- Soft-Escorts, Takedowns, Come-a-longs, etc. Hard- Punches,Kicks, etc.(d) Intermediate Weapons- O.C. (Pepper) Spray, Taser, Baton or Impact weapons(e) Deadly Force-Any force in the manner of its use that is capable of causing death or seriousbodily injury.""",1,"Yes. Chokeholds and strangleholds are both considered deadly force, since they both induce unconsciousness. ""The use of a choke hold calculated to induce immediate unconsciousness is deadly force;""",1,"Yes. ""200.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDEAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that whichis objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercedeto prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use forcethat exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to asupervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""When feasible, a warning shall be given to the offender prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""From a moving vehicle or at a moving vehicle unless immediately necessary to protect the officer or another from death or serious bodily injury;""""Officers may only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle when:i. There is imminent danger of serious bodily injury to the officer or anotherperson and;ii. No other reasonable means are available at that time to avoid or eliminatethe danger.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Officers may use deadly force when immediately necessary to protect themselves or another person from death or serious bodily injury. It shall be incumbent on every officer to exhaust every reasonable means of employing the least amount of force to accomplish the purpose.""""Under no circumstances will the force used be greater than necessary and in no instance will deadly force be used other than as a last resort and only in the situations stated in 200.4.2 of this chapter.""""Employees who use non-deadly force shall use the minimum force necessary.""""It is the officers responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amountof force necessary:(a) Professional Presence- Entering a scene(b) Verbal Communications- Dialogue(c) Weaponless Strategies- Soft-Escorts, Takedowns, Come-a-longs, etc. Hard- Punches,Kicks, etc.(d) Intermediate Weapons- O.C. (Pepper) Spray, Taser, Baton or Impact weapons(e) Deadly Force-Any force in the manner of its use that is capable of causing death or seriousbodily injury.""",0,No.,2014,305215,0,2014
Detroit,0,"No. States that de-escalation is ""often appropriate"" but does not require it, when possible. ""de-escalation, disengagement, area  containment, surveillance, waiting out a subject,  summoning reinforcements or calling in specialized  units are often the appropriate response to a situation. """,1,"Yes. ""The following neck restraints are prohibited except where deadly force is authorized:1. Carotid submission hold;2. A hold which interrupts the bloodђs flow to the brain;3. A _sleeper hold” that can result in a person losing consciousness and/or death;4. Bent arm submission hold/Hammer lock carotid hold. This hold restricts airflow tothe trachea and can result in a loss of consciousness and/or death; and5. All other chokeholds. """,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If feasible, officers shall identify themselves and state their intention to shoot before using a firearm.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force or serious bodily injury.Officers shall not knowingly place themselves into the path of a moving vehicle orinto the likely path of a vehicle that is currently stopped but is under the immediatecontrol of a driver. When feasible, officers should attempt to move out of the pathof any moving vehicle to a position of cover. Officers shall not discharge theirweapon except in instances where the officerђs life or life of others is in immediateperil and there is no reasonable or apparent means of avoiding the threat. """,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Deadly force is not authorized if less lethal force could reasonably be used to prevent the escape of a dangerous fleeing subject, or a subject fleeing from a violent felony crime.""",1,Yes.,2014,713777,0,2014
Fremont,0,"No. A peace officer who makes or attempts to make an arrest need not retreat or desist from his/her efforts""",0,"No. ""300.5.4 CAROTID CONTROL HOLDThe proper application of the carotid control hold may be effective in restraining a violent orcombative individual. However, due to the potential for injury, the use of the carotid control holdis subject to the following:(a) The officer shall have successfully completed department-approved training in the use andapplication of the carotid control hold.(b) The carotid control hold may only be used when circumstances perceived by the officer atthe time indicate that such application reasonably appears necessary to control a person inany of the following circumstances:1. The subject is violent or physically resisting.2. The subject, by words or actions, has demonstrated an intention to be violent andreasonably appears to have the potential to harm officers, him/herself or others.(c) The application of a carotid control hold on the following individuals should generallybe avoided unless the totality of the circumstances indicates that other available optionsreasonably appear ineffective, or would present a greater danger to the officer, the subject orothers, and the officer reasonably believes that the need to control the individual outweighsthe risk of applying a carotid control hold:1. Females who are known to be pregnant2. Elderly individuals3. Obvious juveniles""",1,"Yes. ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDEAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that whichis objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercedeto prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use forcethat exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to asupervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, when possible.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""300.6.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLESShots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path ofan approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officerreasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of thevehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An officer may use deadly force to protect him/herself or others from what he/she reasonably believes would be an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury.""",0,No.,2014,214089,0,2014
Jacksonville,0,No.,1,"Yes. Prohibits all ""tactical neck restraints""",0,No.,1,Yes. Warning if feasible,0,"No. Can fire on moving vehicle ""as a last resort when all other opportunities have been exhausted, to prevent death or great bodily harm.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""It is the policy of the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office to allow officers to use only that degree of force which is reasonable and necessary to effect an arrest or to protect themselves or others from personal attack, physical resistance, harm, or death.""",1,Yes.,2014,821784,0,2014
Lubbock,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""LPD officers will only use that force reasonably necessary to effectively bring an incident under control""""Officers will attempt all those reasonable means of apprehension and control within their command before resorting to deadly force.""",1,Yes.,2014,229573,0,2014
Oklahoma City,0,No. ,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If feasible, a warning should be given prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Officers may discharge firearms at a moving vehicle only as a last resort when officers have probable cause to believe such use of force is necessary to prevent the danger of death or seriously bodily harm.""",0,No.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""In the performance of their duties, no officer will use more force in any situation than is reasonable and necessary under the existing circumstances."" ""Officers are required by law to use only the minimum amount of force necessary to protect themselves and other persons or to affect an arrest.""",1,Yes,2014,579999,0,2014
Philadelphia,1,"Yes. (Firearms Policy) 10.1.3.A: To always attempt to de-escalate any situation where force may become necessary. In the event force becomes unavoidable, to use only the minimal amount of force necessary to overcome an immediate threat or to effectuate an arrest.  (Firearms Policy) 10.1.4.E: Police officers shall ensure their actions do not precipitate the use of deadly force by placing themselves or others in jeopardy by taking unnecessary, overly aggressive, or improper actions. It is often a tactically superior police procedure to withdraw, take cover or reposition, rather than the immediate use of force.  (Mental Health Response Policy) 10.9.3. GENERAL PROCEDURES A. It is important for the first responding officers to use caution, evaluate the situation, attempt to de-escalate the situation through communication, request a CIT trained officer, if not personally trained, wait for a back-up, and await the arrival of a patrol supervisor before taking any action, barring a threat to life.  B. Retreating or re-positioning is not a sign of weakness or cowardice by an officer; it is often a tactically superior police procedure rather than the immediate use of force.  D. The initial responding police officer should attempt to de-escalate the situation through communication and isolate and contain the SMDP to the best of their ability until the arrival of a CIT trained officer, if not personally trained and a patrol supervisor. Remember, time is of no consequence.",1,"Yes Categorically bans chokeholds and strangleholds. 3: Officers responding to any incident that may require the use of force, WILL NOT: 5. Use prohibited neck restraints (i.e., choke holds and _sleeper holds”). This will include any incident where an individual attempts to ingest narcotics or other evidence. They will be taken immediately to the nearest hospital. (P.L.E.A.C. 1.3.10 f)",1,"Yes Duty to report and intervene. (Firearms Policy) 10.1.1.H: Officers who witness inappropriate or excessive force have a duty to report such violations to a supervisor and Internal Affairs.  (Use of Force Policy) 2.D: Though many officers may be at the scene of a police incident where force is being used, some officers may not be directly involved in taking police action. As officers, we have an obligation to protect the public and other officers. Therefore, it shall be the duty of every officer present at any scene where force is being applied to either stop or attempt to stop another officer when force is inappropriately used and/or no longer required. Your actions will both protect the officer from civil or criminal liability and the civilian from serious injury. F. Officers who witness inappropriate or excessive force have a duty to report such violations to a supervisor and Internal Affairs.",1,"Yes (Firearms Policy) 10.1.1.D: When feasible under the circumstances, police officers will give the suspect a verbal warning before using deadly force.",1,"Yes (Firearms Policy) 10.1.4.H. Police officers shall not discharge their firearms AT a vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle (e.g., officers or civilians are being fired upon by the occupants of the vehicle). 1. A moving vehicle alone shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer's use of deadly force. 2. Officers shall not move into or remain in the path of a moving vehicle. Moving into or remaining in the path of a moving vehicle, whether deliberate or inadvertent, SHALL NOT be justification for discharging a firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer in the path of an approaching vehicle shall attempt to move to a position of safety rather than discharging a firearm at the vehicle or any of the occupants of the vehicle.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.  10.2.4.G: As outlined in Section 9, Use of Force Notification Procedure, Internal Affairs must be informed when: 1. A person is treated at a hospital (whether admitted or not) or dies while in police custody as the result of actions taken by police. 2. Any time a person in police custody is treated at a hospital (e.g., prisoner complaining of chest pains or a prisoner assaulted by another prisoner). 3. Any incident involving the use of force where an injury or a complaint of an injury results. 4. Whenever a baton/ASP has been used to strike a subject, OC Spray has been used by police, or the ECW has been used, the approximate number of strikes or discharges must be indicated on the Use of Force report. NOTE: Whenever the trigger on the ECW is pulled, it is recorded in the weapon and must be reported to Internal Affairs. Accidental discharges will be reported to Internal Affairs through the notification screen on the Police Intranet Homepage. A Use of Force report will not be necessary. EXCEPTION: When a spark test is conducted. 5. Whenever a subject is delivered a strike with a hand, fist, foot, or other body appendage or other object.",1,"Yes. ""The application of deadly force is a measure to be employed only in the most extreme circumstances after all lesser means of force have failed or could not be reasonably employed.""",1,Yes.,2014,1526006,0,2014
St. Louis,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",0,"No. Does not explicitly ban chokeholds or strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints).",0,"No. No explicit requirement for officers to report or intervene when witnessing excessive force.",1,"Yes C. 4. Identification as Officer and Verbal Warning Before shooting at a suspect, an officer will identify him/herself as an officer and state his/her intent to shoot, whenever possible.",1,"Yes Categorical prohibition on shooting at moving vehicles.  C. 3.A: Shooting At Moving Vehicles or Suspects in Vehicles a.An officer will not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle, nor at a suspect in a moving vehicle .",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.  Section VIIA. GENERAL - FIREARM DISCHARGED/OTHER DEADLY FORCE (1.3.6.a) An officer will, if able, submit an Intra-Department Memorandum with complete details through the chain of command to his/her Commander within 24 hours whenever he/she: 1. discharges his/her firearm other than during qualification or training; 2. accidentally causes property damage or personal injury while qualifying or training at the Department firearms range or during private use (hunting, target practice, etc.); 3. uses other weapons or equipment as deadly force; or 4. witnesses any portion of anportion of an incident in which a firearm has been discharged or other deadly force has been used.",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force will be a last resort, and will only be exercised when all reasonable alternatives have been exhaused or appear impractical.""",1,Yes.,2014,319294,0,2014
Tampa,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. Also: ""EXCEPTIONS TO REPORTABLE FORCE: The use of a firm grip control which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., the use of a grip to control the suspect's hands while searching or handcuffing); or that force reasonable to overcome resistance due to physical disability or intoxication, which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., lifting an intoxicated person to a standing position).""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers are allowed to use only such force as is necessary to complete the arrest.""""action must be tempered by good judgment, common sense, restraint, and understanding.""",1,Yes.,2014,335709,0,2014
Tulsa,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""The use of L VNR or a similar neck restraint is not authorized.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""When feasible, a verbal warning will be given to the offender prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,No.,0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""A report must be submitted whenever an employee takes an action that results in, or is alleged to have resulted in, injury or death of another person. This report will be either a Use of Force Report, an Interoffice Correspondence, or a statement to the Detective Division as outlined in this policy. If serious bodily injury or an injury that could result in death occurs, this report will be completed by Detective Division as outlined in C.6. Field supervisors will ensure that reports on any other injuries are completed.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The use of unnecessary or excessive force will result in departmental discipline and may create personal liability for the officer with civil and/or criminal penalties. Actions that do not meet the spirit of this policy will neither be condoned nor tolerated merely because the acts were lawful.""",1,Yes.,2014,391906,0,2014
Winston-Salem,1,"Yes. ""Conversation, advice, commands or instructions utilized by the officer to control or de-escalate a confrontation. Verbal communication, when applicable, should accompany officer actions, including the officerђs identification and announcement of arrest, if appropriate, as outlined in NCGS _ 15A-401(c) (2). Officers should utilize good verbalization during all levels of force.",0,"No. Although chokeholds are explicitly authorized where use of deadly force is permitted in the policy's description of the contiuum of force: ""Deadly Force: Actions which would likely result in serious injury or death, including the use of firearms, baton strikes to the head, choke holds or any technique used to stop the use or imminent use of deadly force.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""When practical, officers should issue a verbal warning prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. They are directed not to shoot _from_ moving vehicles unless necessary: ""An officer shall not discharge a firearm from a moving vehicle unless the officer reasonably believes no other means are practical to defend himself or other citizens from the use or imminent use of deadly force.""",1,"Yes. ""Anytime a firearm of any type is drawn while engaged in any type of confrontation with a person, the officer shall complete an Incident or Supplement Report.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""(1) Subject to the provisions of subdivision (2), a law-enforcement officer is justified in using force upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary:a. To prevent the escape from custody or to effect an arrest of a person who he reasonably believes has committed a criminal offense, unless he knows that the arrest is unauthorized; orb. To defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force while effecting or attempting to affect an arrest or while preventing or attempting to prevent an escape.",1,Yes.,2014,229617,0,2014
Anchorage,1,"Yes. ""Officers shall accomplish their duties in a manner that minimizes the need for force and maximizes voluntary compliance. If applied, officers shall use only that level of control which is reasonably necessary and lawful in executing their duties as peace officers. When possible, officers should continue to attempt to gain compliance by means of verbal directives or commands. No employee of the department shall engage in any conduct that could reasonably be expected to unnecessarily escalate a situationвs potential for violence.""",0,"No. ""Vascular restraints"" are permitted, and are classed as ""hard empty hand control"" which is considered a less-than-deadly force. (The policy describes vascular restraints as ""neck restraints that apply pressure to the side(s) (not the front) of the neck. Vascular restraints are the only approved neck holds."")",0,No.,0,"No. Officers must warn before using less-than-deadly force, but there isn't a mention of a warning associated with deadly force.",1,"Yes.- officers shall not discharge their weapon ""At or from a moving vehicle unless Deadly Force is authorized. Under no circumstances is a firearm to be used to disable or attempt to disable a vehicle unless specifically authorized by a Command Officer.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers shall accomplish their duties in a manner that minimizes the need for force and maximizes voluntary compliance.If applied, officers shall use only that level of control which is reasonably necessary and lawful in executing their duties as peace officers.When possible, officers should continue to attempt to gain compliance by means of verbal directives or commands.No employee of the department shall engage in any conduct that could reasonably be expected to unnecessarily escalate a situationвs potential for violence.""",1,Yes. RESISTANCE CONTROL CONTINUUM,2013,291826,0,2013
Atlanta,0,No.,1,"Yes.Warning shots; neck restraints; carotid artery holds; other weaponless control techniques that are not taught or approved by the department due to the potential for serious injury or death; ""unless they are in an emergency situation or under exigent circumstances where it is immediately necessary to use force to prevent serious bodily injury or death and city-issued and/or authorized lethal or less lethal weapons are inoperable, inaccessible, or otherwise not available or effective."" p. 2",0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not one of the forms of physical force required to be reported. ""Any employee who discharges a city-issued or approved firearm for any reason other than for training purposes or target practice at an established firing range""; ""Any employee who applies force or takes an action that results in, or is alleged to have resulted in, the physical injury or death of another person""; ""Any employee who applies force through the use of lethal or less lethal weapons""; ""Any employee who applies weaponless control techniques to the extent that it is likely to cause or lead to physical injury, a claim of injury, or an allegation of excessive force""; ""Any employee who applies intentional force against property that results in damage to that property""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An employee may use deadly force to apprehend a suspected felon only when:1. He or she reasonably believes that the suspect possesses a deadly weapon or any object,device, or instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actuallydoes result in serious bodily injury and when he or she reasonably believes that the suspectposes an immediate threat of serious bodily injury to the officer or others; or2. When there is probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a crime involvingthe infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm (O.C.G.A. Section 17-4-20) andthe employee reasonably believes that the suspectђs escape would create a continuingdanger of serious physical harm to any person""",1,"Yes. Specific guidelines for use of specific weapons (Taser, OC Spray, Firearms, Control Holds) found in ""Weapons"" section of Policy Manual",2013,420003,0,2013
"Kansas City, MO",0,No.,0,"No. Chokeholds and strangleholds are not banned, except for a limited ban on strangleholds on subjects who have been sprayed with OC spray. ""department members are cautioned  not to use the LVNRФ on subjects sprayed with Oleoresin Capsicum, except in situations where its use is objectively reasonable considering the totality of the circumstances. """,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers are authorized to use deadly force in order to:1. Protect themselves or others from what they have probable cause to believe is an immediate or imminent threat of death or serious bodily harm. 2. To prevent the escape of a person:a. From the vicinity of a violent crime or confrontation during which the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has caused or attempted to cause death or serious bodily harm to the officer(s) or other persons, orb. Who they have probable cause to believe is armed and has committed an offense in which he/she caused or attempted to cause death or serious bodily harm to another person, orc. Who they have probable cause to believe may otherwise endanger life or inflict other serious physical injury unless arrested without delay.",0,No.,2013,459787,0,2013
Newark,0,"No. ""A law enforcement officer is under no obligation to retreat or desist when resistance is encountered or threatened.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Members of the Department are required to maintain control or intervene if the use of force against a subject becomes excessive.""",1,"Yes. ""If feasible, a law enforcement officer should identify himself/herself and state his/her intention to shoot before using the firearm.""",0,"No. ""Police officers shall not discharge their weapons at a moving vehicle unless it is absolutelyt necessary to do so to protect against an imminent threat to the life of the officer or others.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""It is the policy of the Newark Police Department to limit the use of force by its members to those situations where it is clearly necessary. All officers are charged with the responsibility of using minimum force necessary to affect a lawful arrest.""""Officers' use of firearms, therefore, shall never be considered routine and is permissible only in defense of life or to prevent serious bodily injury to the officer or others and then only after all alternative means have been exhausted."" ""an alternative to the use of deadly force shall be used, if the officer reasonably believes it will avert the imminent danger at no increased risk to the officer or another person.",1,Yes.,2013,277140,0,2013
Oakland,1,"Yes. ""Members are required to de-escalate the force when the member reasonably believes a lesser level or no further force is appropriate.""""To the extent possible and without ever compromising safety, members arerequired to use verbal commands to accomplish the police objective beforeresorting to physical force. Members shall consider the possibility of anylanguage barriers, noise, other distractions, or disabilities which may impair orfrustrate the memberђs effort to courteously and clearly communicate with theperson.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly ban chokeholds, but carotid restraint considered deadly force.",1,"Yes. ""Members shall intervene and prevent or stop the use of unreasonable force by other members.""",0,No.,0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Defend the member or another person against the vehicle operator's use of the vehicle to cause death or serious bodily injury and the member or other person has no reasonable avenue of protection or escape.a. Members are prohibited from intentionally positioning themselves in a location vulnerable to vehicular attack;b. Whenever possible, members shall move out of the way of the vehicle, instead of discharging his or her firearm at the operator;c. Members shall not discharge a firearm at the operator of the vehicle when the vehicle has passed and is attempting to escape.3. Members shall consider whether the threat to the member or other persons (including all occupants of the vehicle) is increased by incapacitating the operator with lethal force, considering that if the operator is incapacitated,the vehicle may still be a threat to anyone in the vehicle's path. This threat shall be weighed against the threat posed by the suspect continuing in control of the vehicle.4. Members shall also consider what risk the use of lethal force would pose to other vehicle occupants when weighed against the threat.5. Absent exigent circumstances, the discharge of firearms from a moving vehicle is prohibited.""",1,"Yes. ""The intentional pointing of a firearm at another person is a use of force""",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force only when: ""Other reasonably known and available means of apprehending the person have failed, are inadequate or are immediately unavailable.""",1,Yes.,2013,390724,0,2013
Phoenix,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",0,"No. Bans chokeholds, strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) authorized as intermediate level use of force. 4.G.1: The carotid control technique should only be used on subjects who are using active aggression, aggravated active aggression, or who are a threat to themselves or others.  5.E: No other type of neck restraint/hold is authorized.",1,"Yes 3.C: All sworn employees will intervene, if a reasonable opportunity exists, when they know or should  know another employee is using unreasonable force.-All sworn employees will immediately report excessive force verbally to a supervisor.",1,"Yes H.1: When the shooting of a subject appears imminent, employees will, if practical, issue a verbal warning.",0,"No.Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle.  H.1: Weapons may be discharged at the driver or other occupant of a moving vehicle only when the officer has probable cause to believe the subject poses an immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others, and the use of deadly force does not create a danger to the public that outweighs the benefits of its use. Employees will not deliberately place themselves in the path of a moving vehicle or one capable of immediate movement. * This is generally considered tactically unsound unless executed as part of a tactical plan intended to enhance safety. * This is not intended to prevent employees from moving in front of or around vehicles during the execution of routine traffic duties, such as directing traffic.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.",0,"No. While the policy describes deadly force passively as a 'last resort', it does not include language that actively requires officers to exhaust other reasonable means prior to using deadly force (i.e. stating that officers ""should"" or ""shall"" only use deadly force as a last resort after all other means are exhausted). Deadly force authorized when:""-When such force is reasonable to protect themselves or a third person from anotherђs use, or threatened use, of deadly force.-To prevent the escape of a subject whom the employee has probable cause to believe has committed an offense involving the infliction or threat of serious physical injury or death, and is likely to endanger human life or cause serious injury to another unless apprehended without delay.-In situations where the employee must overcome an attack the employee reasonably believes would produce serious physical injury or death to the employee or another person""""Deadly force is utilized as a last resort when other measures are not practical under the existing circumstances.""",1,Yes.,2013,1445632,0,2013
Spokane,0,"No. ""While the ultimate objective of every law enforcement encounter is to avoid or minimize injury, nothing in this policy requires an officer to retreat or be exposed to possible physical injury before applying reasonable force.""",0,"No. The ""neck restraint control hold"" is regulated as a form of force acceptable under situations that do not call for deadly force.",1,"Yes. ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Warning is required in situations where the subject is a ""fleeing felon.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others. Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,"No. No specification of this, and the definition of ""force"" does not appear to include pointing a weapon: ""Force: The application of physical techniques or tactics, chemical agents or weapons to another person. It is not a use of force when a person allows him/herself to be searched, escorted, handcuffed or restrained.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force.  ""Standard 2.1:Officers of the Spokane Police Department shall be aware of their lawful authority to use that force reasonably necessary in securing compliance with their lawful enforcement duties.""""An officer may use force which reasonably appears to be necessary to effect an arrest if, after notice of the intention to arrest the person, he/she either flees or forcibly resists (RCW 10.31.050).""""Use of deadly force like any force used by an officer, must be objectively reasonable based on the totality of the fact and circumstances known to the officer at the time the force isused.The ""reasonableness"" of force will be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officeron the scene at the time of the incident.""",1,Yes.,2013,208916,0,2013
St. Petersburg,1,"Yes. De-escalation is required by the following provisions: ""It is also the policy of the St. Petersburg Police Department that officers shall exhaust all other reasonable means of apprehension, or defense of themselves or another, before resorting to the use of deadly force"" and ""Officers will attempt to gain voluntary compliance through the use of verbal techniques, priort to employing physical force."" and ""Upon the lowering or elimination of resistance by the subject, officers shall similarly reduce their use of force while maintaining control of the subject.""",1,"Yes. ""Officers shall not, at any time, obstruct the breathing or carotid blood flow of a person by applying any pressure, obstruction or chokehold.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. Warning is required in situations where the subject is a ""fleeing felon.""",1,"Yes. ""Officers shall not fire at a moving vehicle or any occupant of a moving vehicle. The officer's use of deadly force may be justified if the occupant of a moving vehicle poses an immediate threat with a firearm or fires upon an officer or another, and all other reasonable means to avoid the danger have failed.""",0,No. Although officers are directed not to draw their weapons unless they need to use them.,1,"Yes. ""It is the policy of the St. Petersburg Police Department that the use of force in any situation shall be limited to the force which is needed to halt aggressive actions and/or to overcome specific resistance by the subject in order to accomplish a lawful objective.C. It is also the policy of the St. Petersburg Police Department that officers shall exhaust all other reasonable means of apprehension, or defense of themselves or another, before resorting to the use of deadly force.""""The officer is justified in the use of any force which they reasonably believe to be necessary to defend themselves or another from bodily harm while making the arrest.""""The employment of force beyond that which is necessary to control and apprehend the subject is unlawful, and subjects the Department and the officer to civil and/or criminal liability.""""Deadly force is only permitted when other reasonable means to avoid danger have failed, or are impractical, and the officer reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to defend oneself or another from imminent danger of death or serious physical injury.""",1,Yes.,2013,244769,0,2013
Tucson,0,"No. ""Successful communication skills may prevent many physical confrontations from escalatingto higher levels. However, if resistance continues after using proper verbal and non-verbalskills, the officer must be prepared to further escalate the use of force. """,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""At a moving vehicle unless deadly force, is being used against the officer or a third party. In such cases, the deadly force shall be directed at the driver or occupant using the deadly force. There is no presumption that a moving vehicle constitutes deadly force. Officers will attempt to use tactics that will not put them in harms way and will make every reasonable effort to move out of the path of a moving vehicle.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""In any encounter where the use of force becomes necessary, only reasonable force will be used. Underno circumstances will the force used be greater than necessary to achieve lawful objectives andto conduct lawful public safety activities. """"Deadly force may only be used when an officer reasonably perceives an imminent threat ofserious physical injury or death to the officer or another person. When feasible, officers willattempt to utilize lesser means of force prior to using deadly force. """,1,Yes.,2013,520116,0,2013
Wichita,0,"No. De-escalation is framed as choosing another form of force instead of avoiding force altogether. ""Where lethal force is not authorized, members should assess the incident in order to determine which less-lethal force technique or weapon will best de-escalate and bring the incident under control in a safe manner."" Similarly, the policy neutrally notes that ""Use of an aerosol weapon is authorized as an escalation of force after verbal control techniques have proven ineffective in de-escalating a potentially violent incident and bringing it under control in a safe manner.""",0,"No. Only bans chokehold with a police baton, except in a lethal-force-authorized situation: ""Utilization of a choke-hold using a police baton is prohibited as a containment or takedown procedure. Such action shall be taken only as a defensive measure and only as a last resort to prevent death or great bodily harm to the member or another person."" Stragleholds/cartoid restraints are not mentioned, chokeholds not utilizing batons are not mentioned.",0,"No. There is no mention of reporting on others' behavior. Only the officer who uses some kind of force (or others required by a supervisor) has to report; officers ""Only observing in force situations and have not engaged"" are not required to fill out the evaluation.",1,"Yes. ""When practical, a verbal warning for the suspect to submit to the member shall be given prior to the use of lethal force in any situation unless doing so would increase the danger to the member or others.""",0,"No. ""While not prohibited, caution should always be used when discharging a firearm, to fire from or at a moving vehicle while in compliance with K.S.A. 21-5227.""",1,"Yes. ""B. Members will fill out Response to Resistance Form and the Electronic Use of Force/Restraint Evaluation Form whenever the following situations occur: l . Displaying a police weapon as a means to gain compliance. This would include aerosol weapon, baton, Taser, handgun, shotgun, or rifle. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form; 2. Discharging a police weapon to accomplish a police objective. This would include using an aerosol weapon on an individual, striking a person with a baton, easing a suspect, or shooting a duty handgun, shotgun, or rifle. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form;3. A member uses physical force. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form;4. A member handcuffs a person for ""officer safety"" reasons only. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form. (Members may handcuff individuals when the member reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent injury to himself/herself or others [302.06 Al.)5. Whenever directed by a supervisor.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Such officer is justified in the use of any force which such officer reasonably believes to be necessary to effect the arrest and the use of any force which such officer reasonably believes to be necessary to defend the officer's self or another from bodily harm while making the arrest.""",1,Yes.,2013,382368,0,2013
Chicago,1,"YesMembers will use de-escalation techniques to prevent or reduce the need for force when it is safe and feasible to do so based on the totality of the circumstances. This includes continually assessing the situation and modifying the use of force as circumstances
change and in ways that are consistent with officer safety. Examples of de-escalation techniques include but are not limited to:
a. exercising persuasion and advice, and providing a warning prior to the use of force.
b. determining whether the member may be able to stabilize the situation through the use of time, distance, or positioning to isolate and contain a subject.
c. requesting additional personnel to respond or make use of specialized units or equipment including crisis-intervention-team trained officers.",0,"No.Authorizes chokeholds as deadly force, does not explicitly ban strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) which do not technically put pressure on windpipe or airway when used correctly.Deadly force is force by any means that is likely to cause death or great bodily harm. It includes but is not limited to: application of a chokehold, defined as applying direct pressure to a person’s trachea (windpipe) or airway (front of the neck) with the intention of reducing the intake of air.",1,"Yes.5.B: Intervention, Notifying Superiors, Supervisory Intervention. A Department member who directly observes a use of force that is excessive or otherwise in violation of this directive will contact a supervisor as soon as practicable. Except in extraordinary circumstances, the member will act to intervene on the subject's behalf. Such action will include, but is not limited to, verbally intervening to try to stop the violation. If the member is a supervisor, he or she will issue a direct order to stop the violation.",0,No.,0,"NoOfficers encouraged to move out of the way, but can still fire at vehicles if it is “necessary to prevent death or great bodily harm.” D.6: Use of firearms in the following ways is prohibited:Firing at or into a moving vehicle when the vehicle is the only force used against the sworn member or another person, unless such force is reasonably necessary to prevent death or great bodily harm to the sworn member or to another person.",0,"No. Pointing of firearms at civilians not required to be reported, unless it discharges.",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The use of deadly force is a last resort that is permissible only when necessary to protect against an imminent threat to life or to prevent great bodily harm to the member or
another person. Consistent with this requirement, a sworn Department member may use deadly force only when such force is necessary to prevent:
a. death or great bodily harm from an imminent threat posed to the sworn member or to another person.
b. an arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape, where the person to be arrested poses an imminent threat of death or great bodily harm to a sworn member or another person unless arrested without delay.",1,Yes.,2017,2695598,0,2017
Glendale,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""It is the philosophy of the Glendale Police Department to use only the amount of force or control reasonably necessary to conduct lawful public safety activities and the mission of the department. The method of force/control used is predicated on the circumstances of the contact and the amount of resistance presented by the suspect. Employees will only use the amount of force/control reasonably necessary to overcome this resistance, protect property, and save lives. Under no circumstances will the force/control used be greater than necessary to achieve lawful objectives. Deadly force should not be used unless an employee reasonably believes it is necessary to protect the employee or other persons from imminent danger of death or serious physical injury.""""It is the philosophy of the department to use deadly physical force only to overcome an attack, which could produce serious physical injury or death to the employee or to another person, where no other means are reasonably available to overcome the attacker. use of deadly physical force will be presumed to be a deviation of policy and as such, the employees must substantiate the necessity for the use of the weapon and/or force.""",1,Yes.,2012,226721,0,2012
Indianapolis,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",0,"No. Does not explicitly ban chokeholds or strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints).",0,"No. Required to report, but not intervene. PURPOSE AND SCOPE: Officers are required to immediately report all violations of department policies, procedures, rules and regulations and directives regarding the use of force by another officer to a supervisor.",1,"Yes B) However an officer is justified in using deadly force only if the officer: (1) Has probable cause to believe that that deadly force is necessary: (A) To prevent the commission of a forcible felony; or (B) To effect an arrest of a person who the officer has probable cause to believe poses a threat of serious bodily injury to the officer or a third person; and (2) Has given a warning, if feasible, to the person against whom the deadly force is to be used.",0,"No. Officers encouraged to move out of the way, but can still fire at vehicles ""used as a weapon"". 6. Unless it reasonably appears that it would endanger officers or the public, officers are expected to move out of the path of any approaching vehicle a. This is not intended to restrict an officerђs right to use deadly force directed at the operator of a vehicle when it is reasonably perceived that the vehicle is being used as a weapon against the officer or others.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges. IV. A. An officer shall notify a supervisor via Communications as soon as practical following a use of force incident as specifically outlined in this general order and as described below: 1. Force applied through the use of deadly or non-deadly weapons. 2. Discharge of an authorized firearm for other than training purposes. 3. Force applied resulting in, or alleged to have resulted in, serious bodily injury, injury or complaint of pain of another person.",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force.  B) However an officer is justified in using deadly force only if the officer: (1) Has probable cause to believe that that deadly force is necessary: (A) To prevent the commission of a forcible felony; or (B) To effect an arrest of a person who the officer has probable cause to believe poses a threat of serious bodily injury to the officer or a third person; and (2) Has given a warning, if feasible, to the person against whom the deadly force is to be used.",0,No.,2012,820445,0,2012
Irvine,0,No.,0,No. Doesn't ban chokeholds and allows carotid restraints.,1,"Yes. ""Duty to Intercede: Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearlybeyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to doso, intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Such officers should also report these observations to a supervisor without delay.""",1,"Yes. ""A verbal warning should be given where it is practical under the circumstances.""",0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Deadly force should only be used by an officer when itreasonably appears objectively reasonable:1. To protect himself/herself or others from what he/she reasonably believes would be animmediate threat of death or serious bodily injury.2. To prevent a crime where the suspectђs conduct places a person or persons in danger ofdeath or serious bodily injury.3. To apprehend a fleeing felony suspect if:a. There is reasonable cause to believe the suspect has committed a crime involving theinfliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury, ANDb. The suspect would pose a continuing threat to officers or the community, ANDc. Deadly force appears necessary to prevent escape, ANDd. A verbal warning should be given where it is practical under the circumstances.""",1,Yes.,2012,212375,0,2012
Mesa,0,No.,0,"No. ""Carotid Control Technique:o This technique is authorized to be used by an officer whenever:_ Deadly force is authorized; OR_ When a subject is actively assaulting an officer or another personand other control methods have been exhausted or the officerreasonably believes other methods would be ineffective.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Whenever practical and reasonable, officers should verbally warn subjects of the officer's intent to deploy firearm. Do not place self, or others, in jeopardy in order to deliver such warnings.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""A Department member shall not discharge a firearm at an occupant of a moving vehicle unless the officer reasonably believes that:o The subject poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical injuryto the officer or another person; ANDo There is no reasonable alternative course of action for the officer toprevent the death or serious physical injury.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The use of firearms is authorized in accordance with DPM 2.1.5 Use of Force.o In defense of life or to stop a fleeing felon.""",1,Yes.,2012,439041,0,2012
Portland,0,"No. Values but does not require de-escalation whenever possible. The use of force policy states that, in principle, ""The Bureau is dedicated to providing the training, resources and management that help members safely and effectively resolve confrontations through the application of de-escalation tools and lower levels of force."" This principle is nice but doesn't prioritize de-escalation over lower levels of force or constitute an explicit requirement. Second, the use of force policy section 2.1.2 states that officers must, ""When applying force, continually assess the amount of force required, including the number of officers required to control a subject and de-escalate as reasonable."" This states that officers should figure out how to de-escalate situations ""reasonably"" when they are applying force against a person, it does not require officers to de-escalate situations prior to/instead of using force when possible. It should also be noted that members ARE required to use de-escalation when they suspect a person has signs of mental illness (see Police Response to Mental Health Crisis). However, this is not applied to all situations where de-escalation is possible.",0,"No. The use of force policy (under ""Definition: Deadly Force"") does categorize carotid restraints (also known as strangleholds or restraints that block blood flow to the brain) as deadly force. It does not prohibit or even mention chokeholds, which block oxygen flow to the brain. As such, it is coded as NO because it does not prohibit both carotid restraints AND chokeholds except for in deadly force situations.",0,"No. The use of force policy section 9.4 states that ""Members have a duty to report any use of force by another member that violates the constitutional standard."" However, it does not require officers to intervene to stop another officer from using excessive force at the scene. As such officers do NOT currently have a duty to intervene, just a duty to report.",1,"Yes. ""If feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Shooting At a Moving Vehicle (1010.10)For the purposes of this policy, a moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies the member's use of deadly physical force. The member using deadly physical force must be able to clearly articulate the reason for the use of deadly physical force. Members shall not discharge a firearm at a person(s) in a moving vehicle unless one or both of the following criteria are met:a. To counter an active threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or another person, by a person in the vehicle using means other than the vehicle.b. There are no other means available at the time to avert or eliminate the threat.""",1,"Yes. ""PROCEDURE (1010.20)Directive Specific DefinitionsForce: Physical contact that is readily capable of causing physical injury, as well as the pointing of a firearm.Physical injury: As defined in ORS 161.015 (7), the impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.""",0,"No. Officers are encouraged but not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The Bureau places a high value on resolving confrontations, when practical, with less force than the maximum that may be allowed by law.""""It is the policy of the Bureau that members use only the force reasonably necessary under the totality of circumstances to perform their duties and resolve confrontations effectively and safely. The Bureau expects members to develop and display, over the course of their practice of law enforcement, the skills and abilities that allow them to regularly resolve confrontations without resorting to the higher levels of allowable force.""",1,"Yes. Portland police bureau has specified how/when officers may use particular types of weapons to respond to particular levels of resistance. This is in the following sections:Directive 1040.00, Aerosol RestraintsDirective 1050.00, Less Lethal Weapons and MunitionsDirective 1051.00, Electronic Control Weapon System7.1.5.  Training guidelines for the use of a hobble7.1.6.  Canine Unit Standard Operating Procedures",2012,583776,0,2012
San Antonio,1,"Yes. 05.F.A: If circumstances allow, Officers should attempt to de-escalate tense situations through advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics to reduce the need for force.",0,"No Does not explicitly ban chokeholds, authorizes strangleholds as deadly force. D. A lateral vascular neck restraint (LVNR) shall not be used unless deadly force is authorized.",1,"Yes .05.G: Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Officers shall immediately report these observations to a supervisor.",0,No.,0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle.  3. At or from a moving vehicle, except as the ultimate measure of self-defense or defense of another. Officers should employ all reasonable means available to move to an area of safety if the vehicle becomes a threat, including retreating from the threat, if practical.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.""C. Although an officer's presence, verbal communication, open/empty hands control techniques, or the brandishing or displaying of a weapon does not require the completion of SAPD Form #62-UOF, Use of Force Report, the details must be documented in the officer's report.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""A. This section applies to all forms of deadly force, regardless of the type of instrument or weapon used.B. The use of deadly force is authorized only to protect an officer or another person from what is reasonably believedto be an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury.1. An officer with an honest and sincere personal belief his life or the life of another person is in imminent dangeris justified in using deadly force to preserve that life.2. Justification for the use of deadly force is determined by the facts known or perceived by the officer at the timethe deadly force is employed.C. The use of deadly force against one who is fleeing from custody, or who is fleeing immediately after committing anoffense, is prohibited unless the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses an imminent threat of deathor serious bodily injury to the officer or a third party.""",1,Yes.,2012,1327407,0,2012
San Diego,0,"No. States that de-escalation or disengagement may be used but does not require it. ""Disengagement or de-escalation is a tactic that anofficer may employ in an attempt to resolve the situation. If an officer does nothave adequate recourses to safely control a situation, or if disengagement or deescalationwould assist in resolving a situation with a lower force level, anofficer may disengage from the incident or de-escalate the force option.Disengagement or de-escalation may require an officer to move to a tacticallysound position and wait for additional resources. Disengagement or deescalationmay not be possible. """,0,"No. Doesn't mention chokehold and allows carotid restraints in non-deadly force situations: ""Greater Controlling Force - the force needed to control a subject who engages inactive resistance. This level of force may involve the use of techniques such astakedowns, distractions techniques, chemical agents, and the carotid restraint.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""A verbal warning to submit to the authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of a firearm, if feasible, and if doing so would not increase the danger to the officer or other persons.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Officers shall not discharge a firearm at an occupant of a vehicle unless:a. The officer has probable cause to believe that the subject or the vehicle poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to the officer and there is no reasonable alternative for the officer to avoid the harm; or,b. The officer has probable cause to believe that the subject or the vehicle poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to other persons.7. Officers shall not knowingly position themselves in the path of a moving vehicle.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""For reporting purposes, the following are considered use of force: 1. Any force option, control hold or weaponless defense technique applied to a person, or any force that causes injury or complaint of injury to either the officer or the subject being restrained. 2. Discharge of a firearm in an official capacity; 3. Discharge of a taser; 4. Use of the baton, police nunchaku (O.P.N.), or other impact weapons where the suspect has been struck; 5. Use of any type of chemical agent (mace, OC, etc.); 6. Use of carotid restraint; 7. Use of Police Service Dog when a bite or other injury occurs; 8. Use of maximum restraint with the cordcuff; 9. Use of the safety control chair as outlined in Department Procedure 6.01 (Handcuffing, Searching and Transporting Procedures); 10. Use of restraint car seats as outlined in Department Procedure 6.01 (Handcuffing, Searching and Transporting Procedures); 11. Handcuffing - When the officer overcomes physical resistance to applying the handcuffs; and, 12. Use of _specialty munitions” as defined in DP 1.36."" p. 6",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""When the officer has a reasonable belief that a subject (or animal) poses an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or another person;c. When necessary to apprehend a fleeing suspect if there is probable cause to believe the suspect has committed a felony involving theinfliction or threatened infliction of death or serious bodily injury, and the officer reasonably believes the suspect is armed with a deadly weapon and the suspectђs escape would pose an imminent threat to the officer or others; """,1,Yes.,2012,1307402,0,2012
St. Paul,1,"Yes. ""Control may be achieved through presence of the officer, verbalization and/or physical options, if necessary. Officers will viewthe use of physical force as an option when other control options have failed or are unreasonable to resort to under the circumstances. Any physical force used by an officer must be necessary and reasonable under the circumstances.""",1,"Yes. ""Strangle Holds: A method or manner of applying deliberate physical pressure to the throat with specific intent to restrict the individual's air flow, whether done with hand or elbow; or, deliberate pressure to the carotid artery area of the neck, for the same purpose. This method of subject control is not a recommended physical force option due to the severity and risk of serious injury or death. An officer should only employ this method in extreme circumstances, defensively, and as a last resort, only, where deadly force against the subject would otherwise be justified.""",1,"Yes. ""When an employee who is not a supervisor becomes aware of possible misconduct by another member of this department, the employee shall immediately notify a supervisor. Furthermore, an employee who observes serious misconduct shalltake appropriate action to cause the misconduct to immediately cease. The fact that a supervisor ispresent and not taking appropriate action to stop the misconduct does not relieve other employeespresent from this obligation.""",1,"Yes. ""Where reasonable, some type of warning should be given by the officer prior to initiating deadly force.""",0,"No. Allows exceptions. ""When a police vehicle is engaged in pursuit, no officer therein shall shoot from a moving vehicle atthe fleeing vehicle. It is best to attempt apprehension from a position of superior tactical advantage, ifpossible, by using police communications and cooperative police work rather than by firing at amoving vehicle. The officer must consider the obvious danger of firing at a moving vehicle, sincebullets may miss their target and/or the driver may lose control. Such risks, in most cases, adviseagainst firing or from a moving vehicle. An officer is instructed, however, that certain circumstancesmay warrant such drastic action, and that a moving vehicle should not become a sanctuary forsuspects against whom the officer is otherwise justified in using deadly force.""",1,"Yes. ""Anytime an officer points their firearm directly at another person, it is considered a reportable use of force and will be documented in a police report.""",1,"Yes. ""An officer shall resort to deadly force only when necessary.An officer is equipped with a firearm to defend society and the officer, and fellow officers, against deadly force. Despite facts and circumstances which may authorize the use of deadly force in any given situation, an officer shall use only that amount of force necessary. Where practicable and reasonable to do so, an officer shall seek to use other reasonable means of apprehension, control, ordefense before resorting to any form of deadly force. In reference specifically to firearms, an officer shall threaten the discharge of and/or discharge a firearm only when necessary.""",1,Yes.,2012,285068,0,2012
Denver,1,"Yes. 1.a: Officers may either escalate or de-escalate the use of force as the situation progresses or circumstances change. Officers should recognize that their conduct immediately connected to the use of force may be a factor which can influence the level of force necessary in a given situation. When reasonable under the totality of circumstances, officers should use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and recognize that an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options. When a suspect is under control, either through the application of physical restraint or the suspect's compliance, the degree of force should be de-escalated accordingly.",0,"No. No explicit ban on chokeholds, strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) authorized as deadly force. 6.B.3.c: Carotid Compression Technique 1. Only officers who have been trained by the Denver Police Department in the application of the carotid compression technique may utilize this force option. Application of the carotid compression technique shall be considered a use of force and must meet the requirements of all department policies and procedures and the Colorado Revised Statutes. 2. Acceptable application of the carotid compression technique: a. To incapacitate a combative or physically resistive person whose conduct rises to the level of Aggravated Active Aggression. The purpose is to subdue the person to the point they can be safely controlled and taken into custody. This use of force option becomes necessary when other force options would be inappropriate or ineffective under the circumstances. (Aggravated Active Aggression - Deadly force encounter) 3. Officers should be mindful not to apply direct pressure to either the front of the throat, back of the neck or head area either through compounded body weight, or direct pressure from a knee or arm in an effort to gain physical control of the person. Application of such pressure can cause unintended serious bodily injury or even death.",0,"No. Required to report, but not intervene. An officer who witnesses inappropriate, unnecessary, unreasonable or excessive use of force by another officer shall report it immediately to a command or supervisory officer.",1,"Yes. 105.05.3: When feasible, it is necessary, to give some warning before engaging in the use of deadly force. If possible, identify yourself as a police officer, give the command you want followed, and state your intention to shoot.",0,"No. 105.05.A: Officer(s) shall not discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupant(s) in response to a threat posed solely by the vehicle unless the officer has an objectively reasonable belief that: 1. The vehicle or suspect poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or another person and 2. The officer has no reasonable alternative course of action to prevent death or serious physical injury.",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges.",1,"Yes. ""With these values in mind, an officer shall use only that degree of force necessary and reasonable under the circumstances. An officer may use deadly force in the circumstances permitted by this policy when all reasonable alternatives appear impracticable and the officer reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary. Officers should ensure that they do not engage in unreasonable actions that precipitate the use of force as a result of tactical, strategic, and procedural errors that place themselves or others in jeopardy. The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments, in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving, about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation. The reasonableness inquiry in an excessive force case is an objective one; the question is whether the officersђ actions are objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation."" p. 105-1 ""STATE STATUTES a. C.R.S. _18-1-707 states in the pertinent part: Use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape: 1. ""(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, a peace officer is justified in using reasonable and appropriate physical force upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary: a. To effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody of an arrested person unless he knows that the arrest is unauthorized; or b. To defend him self or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force while effecting or attempting to affect such an arrest or while preventing or attempting to prevent such an escape. 2. A peace officer is justified in using deadly physical force upon another person for a purpose specified in subsection (1) of this section only when he reasonably believes that it is necessary: a. To defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or b. To affect an arrest or prevent the escape from custody, of a person whom he reasonably believes: 1. Has committed or attempted to commit a felony involving the use or threatened use of a deadly weapon; or 2. Is attempting to escape by the use of a deadly weapon; or 3. Otherwise indicates, except through a motor vehicle violation, that he is likely to endanger human life or to inflict serious bodily injury to another unless apprehended without delay. (The Denver Police Department policy on use of deadly force in this situation is more restrictive than state law _ see OMS 105.05(5). ... 4. For the purposes of this section a reasonable belief that a person has committed an offense means a reasonable belief in facts or circumstances which if true would in law constitute an offense. If the believed facts and circumstances would not in law constitute an offense, an erroneous though not unreasonable belief that the law is otherwise does not render justifiable the use of force to make an arrest or to prevent an escape from custody. A peace officer who is affecting an arrest pursuant to a warrant is justified in using the physical force prescribed in subsection (1) and (2) of this section unless the warrant is invalid and is known by the officer to be invalid."" b. The community expects and the Denver Police Department requires that peace officers use only the force necessary to perform their duties. The level of force applied must reflect the totality of circumstances surrounding the immediate situation. The officer need only select a level of force that is necessary and within the range of _objectively reasonable” options. Officers must rely on training, experience and assessment of the situation to decide an appropriate level of force to be applied. Reasonable and sound judgment will dictate the force option to be employed."" p. 105-2 & 105-3",1,Yes. - p. 105-4,2010,600158,0,2010
Washington DC,1,"Yes. 5.B: All members who encounter a situation where the possibility of violence or resistance to lawful arrest is present should, if possible, defuse the situation through advice, warning and verbal persuasion.  5.C.4: A member shall use only that option of force on the Department's Use of Force Continuum that is reasonably necessary to bring the situation under control. If de-escalation does not work, the member may use an increasing level of force to overcome the level of resistance. As soon as the incident is under control, the member's use of force should diminish proportionally. (CALEA 1.3.1)",1,"Yes Bans chokeholds and strangleholds, except for cases when deadly force is authorized. (chokeholds are prohibited under DC Code 5-123.03: http://dccode.org/simple/sections/5-125.03.html)  5.F.3: 3. Members shall not employ any form of neck restraint except when an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury exists, and no other option is available.",0,"No. Officers subject to discipline for excessive force, but no obligation to intervene or report it. 4.F. Any excessive force by a member will subject him or her to disciplinary action and possible criminal prosecution or civil liability.",1,"Yes 4.C: When feasible, members shall identify themselves as a police officer and issue a warning before discharging a firearm.",1,"Yes. 4.A.3: At or from a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the officer or another person. For purposes of this order, a moving vehicle is not considered deadly force. Members shall, as a rule, avoid tactics that could place them in a position where a vehicle could be used against them.",1,"Yes. 6.1: Incidents To Be Reported The Use of Force Incident Report (PD Form 901-e) shall be completed in all of the following situations: (CALEA 1.3.6) a. all Use of Force incidents (except Cooperative or Contact Controls, e.g., mere presence, verbal commands or submissive handcuffing, unless there has been a resulting injury or the subject complains of pain following the use of Cooperative or Contact Controls); b. any time when an officer is in receipt of an allegation of excessive use of force; or c. whenever a member draws and points a firearm at or in the direction of another person.",1,"Yes. 6A DCMR Section 207.1 provides, among other things, that a member is allowed to use only the minimum amount of force, which is consistent with the accomplishment of his or her mission, and shall exhaust every other reasonable means of apprehension or defense before resorting to the use of firearms. p. 1",1,Yes.,2010,601723,0,2010
Norfolk,1,"Yes. ""Attempts should be made to achieve the control required to effect arrests and ensure both officer and public safety: through advice, persuasion, and then warnings. However, in situations where physical resistance or a threat of harm is encountered, and reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or would clearly be ineffective, physical force may be used.""",0,No. Bans chokeholds but does not explicitly ban carotid restraints.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Allows shooting at vehicles in ""exigent circumstances."" ""Firing a weapon at a moving vehicle is prohibited other than in exigent circumstances, and except when the officer reasonably believes that:a. An occupant of a vehicle is using or threatening to use deadly force by means other than the vehicel.b. Officers shall not intentionally stand and/or step into the path of a vehicle, creating circumstances where the use of deadly force becomes necessary.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officer is authorized to discharge a firearm in conection with the performance of official police duties under the following circumstances:-Imminent Danger: To defend and protect oneself or another when an officer reasoanbly believes that he or she or another person is in imminent danger of death or serious physical injury.-Fleeing Felony Suspect: To apprehend a fleeing felony suspect when an officer has reasonable belief based upon personal knowlege of the offense involved and the surrounding circumstances to believe that:a. The suspect has committed, attempted to commit, or is committing a felony offense involving the use of violent physical force against a person; andb. The suspect poses an IMMINENT THREAT of death or serious injury to the officer or other person(s).",1,Yes.,2009,242803,0,2009
Reno,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Allows shooting at vehicles in ""extreme circumstances."" ""Discharging a firearm at or from a moving vehicle is generally prohibited and may only be used under the most extreme circumstances.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. ""It is the Policy of the Reno Police Department that officers use only the force that reasonably appears necessary to effectively bring an incident under control, while protecting the lives of the officer and others.Law enforcement officers are authorized to use deadly force toa. Protect the officer or others from what is reasonably believed to be athreat of death or serious bodily harm; and/orb. To prevent the escape of a fleeing violent felon who the officer has probable cause to believe poses a serious threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others; and/orc. To destroy an animal that represents a threat to public safety, or as a humanitarian measure where the animal is seriously injured, when the officer reasonably believes that deadly force can be used without harm to the officer or others.""",0,No.,2009,225221,0,2009
Virginia Beach,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Chokeholds or neck restraints are not authorized unless the use of deadly force is appropriate.""",1,"Yes. ""Departmental supervisors, and departmental members in the absence of a supervisor, shall immediatelyintervene if they reasonably believe another department member or members are using force that is notobjectively reasonable or is inconsistent with this policy. In addition, all members witnessing such an incidentshall immediately notify his/her snpervisor and follow up with a memorandum. An internal investigation byInternal Affairs after such a reported incident will ensue.""",1,"Yes. ""When feasible, a verbal warning such as ""Police, stop or I'll shoot,"" should be utilized.""",0,"No. Exceptions allowed. ""Firing a weapon at a moving vehicle is prohibited, except when the officer reasonably believes that:1. An occupant of a vehicle is using or threatening to use deadly force by means other than the vehicle; or2. A vehicle is operated in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer and/or citizen and all other reasonable and available means of defense have been exhausted (including moving out of the path of the vehicle) and the safety of innocent persons would not be unduly jeopardized by the officer's actions. Officers shall not intentionally stand and/or step into the path of a vehicle, creating circumstances where the use of deadly force becomes necessary.""",1,"Yes. ""Officers may aim or point their firearm when there is a reasonable belief of a threat to the safety of theofficer or other person( s ). In all cases the officer must be prepared to provide an explanation of theincident. The officer shall submit a Use of Force report via the chain of command to the CommandingOfficer of the Office of lnternal Affairs.""""When an officer( s) point their weapon at others.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An officer may employ deadly force when the officer has a reasonable belief that his/her life or that of another is in imminent denger of death or serious bodily injury based on the totality of the circumstances known to the officer at the time he/she employs the deadly force.The use of deadly force cannot be used solely to prevent the escape of an unarmed felon or suspected felon. Deadly force may be used to prevent escape when the officer has a reasonable beleif that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others.",0,No.,2009,437994,0,2009
Fort Worth,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Officers are prohibited from using choke holds and other types of neck-restrain ing tech niques except when protecting them selves or others against an imminent threat of serious bodily and death.""",0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Under no circumstances will the force used by an officer be greater than necessary to make an arrest or a detention or to protect oneself or another, nor will the force be used longer than necessary to subdue the suspect, and deadly force shall not be used except as specifically provided in this directive.""""The use of deadly force is authorized only when it is nec es sary for of fi cers to protect them selves or others from an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury.""",1,Yes.,2008,741206,0,2008
Fresno,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Officers shall, when practical, identify themselves and state their intention to shoot before using a firearm.""",0,"No. ""Shooting at or from moving vehicles is rarely effective and can be hazardous to both innocent persons and officers. In isolated situations, circumstances may justify shooting at or from a moving vehicle. Department members should avoid maneuvering into the path of a moving vehicle and should move out of the path of a moving vehicle rather than attempt to fire at the vehicle or its occupants.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. ""It is the policy of the Department that officers shall use only that amount of force that reasonably appears necessary, given the facts and circumstances perceived by the officer at the time of the event, to effectively bring an incident under control.""""The use of a firearm may only occur when it is the level of force that is objectively reasonable to protectother persons and/or the member from death or serious bodily injury.""",0,No.,2008,494665,0,2008
Garland,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""When feasible, a police officer should give some warning regarding the possible use of dealdy force prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,No.,0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. Also: ""EXCEPTIONS TO REPORTABLE FORCE: The use of a firm grip control which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., the use of a grip to control the suspect's hands while searching or handcuffing); or that force reasonable to overcome resistance due to physical disability or intoxication, which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., lifting an intoxicated person to a standing position).""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Members of this department are authorized to use deadly force against persons when one or both of the following apply:a. To protect the officer or others from what is reasonably believed to be a threat of death or serious boduly injuryb. To prevent the escape of a fleeing violent felon who the officer has probable cause to believe will pose a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officers or others.""",0,No.,2008,226876,0,2008
Houston,0,"No. No requirement to de-escalate situations, when possible.",0,No. No explicit ban on chokeholds or strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints).,0,No. No explicit requirement to report or intervene when witnessing excessive force.,0,No.,0,"No. Officers allowed to fire on moving vehicle in ""exigent circumstances"" http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/More-revisions-expected-in-HPD-use-of-force-policy-6541407.php",0,"No. Officers not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges."" In every situation in which a firearm, softimpact weapon, or a conducted energy device (CED) is discharged, even if the suspect is not struck, officers will notify the Command Center, write a detailed incident report, and the on-scene supervisor will make a supplement.""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The use of deadly force will be limited to those circumstances in which officers reasonably believe it is necessary to protect themselves or others from the imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death. Officers will consider their immediate surroundings and the safety of uninvolved citizens before using deadly force.""",1,Yes.,2008,2099451,0,2008
San Jose,0,"No. ""Officers need not retreat or desist in the reasonable use of force. There is no requirement that officers use a lesser intrusive force option before progressing to a more intrusive one, as long as the force option used is objectively reasonable under the circumstances at that time. When confronted by force or resistance, an officer may use an objectively reasonable higher level of force to overcome that resistance.""",1,"Yes. Policy limits chokeholds and carotid restraints to situations where deadly force would be authorized.The ""Carotid Restraint"" may be used when other control techniques have failed or are inappropriate and deadly force may become objectively reasonable if the ""Carotid Restraint"" is not used.""""The chokehold is prohibited as an authorized control technique to overcome resistance and shall not be used for this purpose. However, a chokehold may only be used by an officer as a deadly force option"" (See: http://www.sjpd.org/images/Chokehold_Policy_2016-002.pdf)",0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. ""Shooting at the driver or occupant of a moving vehicle in self-defense or the defense of another is an option only if:- The officer reasonably believes he or she, or another person, cannot move to a safe position, and- There are no other safe and viable options available, and- It is in defense of the life of the officer or another person.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. Also: ""EXCEPTIONS TO REPORTABLE FORCE: The use of a firm grip control which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., the use of a grip to control the suspect's hands while searching or handcuffing); or that force reasonable to overcome resistance due to physical disability or intoxication, which does not result in injury, the appearance of injury or complaint of pain (e.g., lifting an intoxicated person to a standing position).""",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""Officers need not retreat or desist in the reasonable use of force. There is no requirement that officers use a lesser intrusive force option before progressing to a more intrusive one, as long as the force option used is objectively reasonable under the circumstances at that time. When confronted by force or resistance, an officer may use an objectively reasonable higher level of force to overcome that resistance.""""An officer may discharge a firearm under any of the following circumstances:- When deadly force is objectively reasonable in self-defense or in defense of anotherperson's life- When deadly force is objectively reasonable to effect the capture of, or prevent theescape or rescue of, a suspect whom the officer has reasonable cause to believe hascommitted a felony involving the use or a threat to use deadly force, and whom anobjectively reasonable officer could believe would pose an imminent danger of death orserious physical injury to other persons if he or she were to escape""",1,Yes.,2008,945942,1,2016
Pittsburgh,1,"Yes. ""3.1.2.1 In dealing with people, each officer must make every reasonable attempt to make his/ her contact onethat inspires respect and generates voluntary compliance.3.1.2.2 The manner and form in which an officer speaks to an individual can be an effective means of exertingcontrol over the situation. Verbal control may be in the form of advice, persuasion, admonitions and/ ororders.3.1.2.3 This level also includes verbal commands, surrender rituals, 8 step ""meet and greet"", and 5 step ""hardstyle"".""",0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Allows exceptions. ""An officer shall not discharge his or her firearm at a moving vehicle or the occupants of a moving vehicle unless theoccupants are using deadly physical force against the officer or another person present by means other than the vehicle.The only exception to said policy is a situation where a vehicle is being intentionally operated as a weapon and an officer,or a third party, is faced 'A'ith immediate death or serious bodily injury and the officer has done everything reasonablynecessary to avoid the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""As set forth in section 3.2 of General Order #12-6, ""Use of Force"", an officer ""shall only use that level of control whichhe/ she might reasonably believe is necessary to affect an arrest or to protect the officer(s) or others from physical harm.""""""4.1 Firearms may be discharged in the performance of police duties only under the following circumstances:4.1.1 When necessary to protect oneself against a clear and present danger of death or serious bodily injury4.1.2 When necessary to protect a third person against a clear and present danger of death or serious bodily injury""",1,Yes.,2007,305704,0,2007
North Las Vegas,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,1,"Yes. ""Officers will use only that amount of force which is reasonable and necessary to overcome resistance, effect an arrest, prevent escape, subdue an individual offender, restore order to a disruptive group, protect the public, protect other lives when other available measures are insufficient, or accomplish lawful objectives.""",0,No.,2005,216961,0,2005
Riverside,1,"Yes. States ""Ideally, officers should attempt to control a suspect through advice, warning, or persuasion, but be prepared for the use of physical force.""""Officers should attempt to de-escalate confrontations by utilizing verbalization techniques prior to, during, and after any use of physical force.""",0,"No. ""The Cartoid Restraint Control Hold offers peace officers a method for controlling violently resisting suspects when higher levels of force may not be justified.""""Choke holds are considered ineffective and create the potential for a suspect to panic and react with greater resistence when pressure is applied in this manner by a peace officer. Also, there is greater risk of serious injury to the suspect. Choke holds shall not be used by any member of this department.""",0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Thus, if the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, lethal force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""Generally, a member of the department should not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle unless in the necessary defense of himself/herself or any other person who is in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. If an officer has reasonable cause to believe the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is reasonable to prevent escape by using lethal force. If the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a serious crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, lethal force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported. ""7.1 RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE FORMSA supervisor shall complete a Response to Resistance Form under the following circumstances: (4.08 b, c)(NOTE: A sworn supervisor shall complete Response to Resistance Forms for CSOs and CSIs.)a. Use of chemical agent with injury or accompanied with second tactic. (4.08b)b. Use of tire deflation devices.c. Use of impact weapons (baton, SAGE SL6, etc.). (4.08b)d. K-9 dog bites, other than accidental. (4.08c)e. Use of electronic control devices (TASER). (4.08b)f. Forearm/knee/open and closed hand strikes. (4.08c)g. Kicks.h. Use of any technique or the application of any weapon that results in actual or claimed (evident or nonevident)injury. (4.08b)i. Use of chemical agent without claimed or evident injury (excluding the effects of the chemical agent) willrequire a Chemical Agent Short Form.(NOTE: When a firearm is discharged, or an employee applies any technique or weapon that results in death, anInitial Notice of Inquiry shall be generated in lieu of the Response to Resistance Form. The only exception is when anemployee utilized deadly force in the killing of a dangerous animal or one that humane consideration requires releasefrom further suffering, when no other means of disposition is available. In this case the employee shall complete anIncident Report in lieu of an Initial Notice of Inquiry or Response to Resistance Form. (4.08a)",0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An officer may use only the amount of force which reasonably appears to be necessary to control the suspect. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires that police officers use only such force as is objectively reasonable under the circumstances. Officers need not avail themselves of the least intrusive means of responding to an exigent situation; they need only act within that range of conduct identified as reasonable.""",1,Yes.,2004,303871,0,2004
Boston,0,"No. Mentions but does not require de-escalation, when possible. ""The Department has adopted the less-lethal force philosophy to assist in the de-escalation of potentially violent situations."" Use of Less Lethal Force, p. 1)",1,"Yes. ""As a result of the increased potential for injury, officers shall refrain from utilizing restraint techniques that include squeezing the trachea, windpipe, or throat area to stop a subject from ingesting any controlled substance."" Use of Non-Lethal Force, p. 2)",0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving or fleeing vehicle unless the officer or another person is currently being threatened with deadly force by means other than the moving vehicle. For the purposes of this section, the moving vehicle itself shall not constitute the threatened use of deadly force. Therefore, officers shall move out of the path of any oncoming vehicle instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Moving to cover, repositioning and/or waiting for additional responding units to gain and maintain a tactically superior police advantage maximizes officer safety and minimizes the necessity for using deadly force.""",0,"No. pointing a weapon at a civilian is not one of the forms of physical force required to be reported. ""All firearm discharges, except discharges which occur during Department authorized or approved firearms training, while lawfully engaged in target practice or while hunting (unless a discharge occurring during one of these three exceptions results in death, personal injury or property damage)"""" (Use of Deadly Force, p. 5) All applications of non-lethal force or visible injury described in Use of Non-Lethal Force policy""",1,"Yes. ""The discharge of a firearm by a member of the Department is permissible only when:A. There is no less drastic means available to defend oneself or another from unlawful attack which an officer has reasonable cause to believe could result in death or great bodily injury, or B. There is no less drastic means available to apprehend a fleeing felon when the officer has probable cause to believe that: (1) the subject has committed a felony during the commission of which they inflicted or threatened to inflict deadly force upon the victim, or (2) that there is substantial risk that the felon in question will cause death or great bodily injury if their apprehension is delayed""",1,Yes.,2003,617594,0,2003
Scottsdale,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,1,"Yes. ""If a warning is feasible under the circumstances and does not increase the risk to the officer or other person, first identify yourself and give a warning to the person before using deadly force. """,0,"No. ""1. Do not shoot at moving motor vehicles when all or part of the vehicle is the primary target.2. Only shoot at occupants of moving motor vehicles when justified in using deadly force against the targeted occupant.3. Do not place yourself in front of a moving vehicle simply to justify using deadly force. """,0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""The USE of DEADLY FORCE by a peace officer against another is justified*:1. Only when the peace officer reasonably believes that it isnecessary""",1,Yes.,2003,217385,0,2003
San Bernardino,1,"Yes. ""Officers should use verbal techniques to deescalate confrontations.""",0,"No. Chokeholds banned but not carotid restraints. ""300.3.4 CAROTID CONTROL HOLDThe proper application of the carotid control hold may be effective in restraining a violent or combative individual.""",1,"Yes. ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDEAny officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that whichis objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercedeto prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use forcethat exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to asupervisor.""",1,"Yes. ""a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, when feasible",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. ""300.4.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLESShots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path ofan approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer should only discharge their firearm at the vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.""",0,No. Pointing a weapon at a civilian is not required to be reported.,0,"No. Officers not required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force. ""An officer may use deadly force to protect him/herself or others from what he/she reasonalbly beliees would be an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury.An officer may use deadly force to stop a fleeing subject when the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury or death, and the officer reasonably believes that there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to any other person if the subject is not immediately apprehended. Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",1,Yes.,1996,209924,0,1996
Lexington,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,No.,0,"No. Exceptions allowed. ""Officers shall not shoot from, or at, a moving or stationary vehicle, except in extraordinary circumstances when it is necessary to return or initaite gunfire to protect huan life (the officer and/or another person), where no other viable option is available, and when it does not create an unreasonablen risk of harm to innocent persons.""",1,"Yes. ""Points a firearm at another person""",1,"Yes. It shall be the policy of the Lexington Police Department for officers to use the objectively reasonable amount of force necessary in the control and apprehension of a subject.""At all times the officer should bear in mind the legal principle of ""lesser force"", in any apprehension, felony or misdemeanor, and use only the force necessary to affect lawful objectives.""""An officer may use deadly force only when the officer reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the officer's own life, or in defense of a person in immediate danegr of serious physical injury.""""Deadly force may be used in those instances where, in teh officer's judgement, there exists an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to him/herself or another and no viable alternative exists by which the threat can be removed or reduced.""",1,"Yes. ""resistance control continuum""",,295803,0,2016