The GA16DE is a 1.6 litre (1597 cc) engine produced from November 1990 through 1999. All GA16DEs have sixteen valves and a DOHC head. There are three versions: the North-American first-generation (1991–94) NVCS (VTC), which produces 110 hp (85 kW) at 6000 rpm and 110 lb·ft (146 Nm) at 4000 rpm, the North-American second-generation (1995-1999) NVCS (VTC), which produces 115 hp (89 kW) at 6000 rpm and 110 lb·ft (146 Nm) at 4000 rpm, and a non-NVCS version (European-spec) which makes 102 hp (76 kW). The two variants of the North American NVCS engine are distinguished as such: in addition to differences in the intake manifolds and (resultantly) the heads, earlier motors used pistons with two compression rings and a single oil ring and put out five less horsepower, while later GA16DEs have a single compression ring and a single oil ring. The GA16DE shares its block and crankshaft with its predecessor, the GA16i; however, their timing chain covers, connecting rods and pistons are altogether different. It is possible to interchange connecting-rod/piston assemblies between the GA16i and GA16DE with no danger to the valve train. Some engines have siamesed exhaust manifolds, while others keep the exhausts separated until the catalytic converter. Earlier ECUs contained the fuel & ignition maps on a discrete ROM IC, making retuning relatively easy, later ECUs buried the maps on a larger more integrated microcontroller's firmware, making retuning require the use of a daughterboard.[WIKI]
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